MICKA Metadata catalogue search result

REE metallogenic map of Europe
Overview map showing the approximate extent of the key Rare Earth Elements (REE) metallogenic areas in Europe.

REE mineral occurrences/deposits spatial distribution
Simplified spatial distribution of REE occurrences in Europe, and respective genetic types.

Reference samples of building stones
A collection of large-size, representative hand samples of building stones from current and historic quarries in the UK, together with specimens from historic buildings supplied by conservation architects and contractors, currently c.680 samples. The sample coverage extends across the whole of the UK and supplements material in the Keyworth BGS BRITROCKS collection (Petrological Collection Database). The data included with the samples includes quarry and building locations and relevant lithostratigraphic information. The collection is ongoing and new material is added on a regular basis. The collection was created to mitigate the massive gap in knowledge resulting from the non-transferral of the main BGS Building Stone Collection to Keyworth from the Geological Museum in London, when the original move by BGS from London took place. The samples have been collected to assist in the sourcing, identification and matching of buildings stones from historic buildings throughout the UK. The collection provides essential support for the numerous enquiries the BGS receives through its GEOREPORTS Building Stone Assessment programme.

Reflectance Transformation Image of cast GSM106352 showing Ediacaran (Pre-Cambrian) fossils from Charnwood Forest, UK
Reflectance Transformation Imaging files of specimen BGS GSM106352, a large (1.0 x 1.2m) display cast, made from Jesmonite AC-300 and coloured dark gray and showing several species typical of the fossil biota on the Bed B surface of Wilby et al. (2011) in Charnwood Forest. Wilby. P, Carney, J.N, Howe, M.P.A 2011 A rich Ediacaran assemblage from eastern Avalonia: Evidence of early widespread diversity in the deep ocean. https://doi.org/10.1130/G31890.1

Reflectance Transformation Image of Charniodiscus concentricus, an Ediacaran fossil from Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire, UK
Reflectance transformation image of a cast (BGS fossil reference number GSM106161) of the holotype of Charniodiscus concentricus. The original fossil is the property of the Geology Department, University of Leicester, and the fossil is on display at New Walk Museum, Leicester

Reflectance Transformation Imaging files of Hylaecullulus fordi, a new species of rangeomorph from the Bradgate Formation (Ediacaran) of Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire, UK.
Reflectance Transformation Imaging files for the type specimen GSM105875 [IGSN:UKBGSGSM105875] and two paratypes GSM106040 [IGSN:UKBGSGSM106040] , GSM106112 [IGSN:UKBGSGSM106112] of Hylaecullulus fordi, a new species of rangeomorph from the Bradgate Formation (Ediacaran) of Charnwood Forest, UK. Supporting information for Kenchington, Dunn and Wilby - Modularity and overcompensatory growth in rangeomorphs (late Ediacaran, approx. 580-541 Ma): adaptations for coping with environmental pressures. Current Biology.

Regional-geological schema 1 : 2,500,000
Database containis a overview geological map of the Czech Republic at a scale of 1 : 2,500,000 (schema) in English.

Regional geological scheme 1 : 2,500,000
WMS Service for the CGS overview map of the Geology in the Czech Republic at a scale of 1:2,5M.

Regional gravity survey data of onshore and nearshore United Kingdom
Indexes and data records for Regional gravity observations on the UK mainland, Northern Ireland, offshore islands, tidal estuaries and seabed. Records include station identities, position, gravity reading and reduced gravity values. Most of the surveys were carried out by the BGS but the database includes data originally acquired by other organisations and subsequently given to the BGS to be managed as part of the national archive. Complete coverage of the UK mainland with a station density of 1-2 stations per square kilometre.

Regional gravity survey records of onshore and nearshore United Kingdom
Field notebooks,maps, field sheets etc for Regional gravity observations on the UK mainland, Northern Ireland, offshore islands, tidal estuaries and seabed. Most of the surveys were carried out by the BGS but the database includes data originally acquired by other organisations and subsequently given to the BGS to be managed as part of the national archive. Complete coverage of the UK mainland with a station density of 1-2 stations per square kilometre.

REGIS II.1 - 01.1-Holocene deposits - Holocene complex
iREGIS stands for REgionaal Geohydrologisch InformatieSysteem, which is the National hydro-geological model for the Netherlands. Version II.1 is an extension and revision of the hydro-geological model version II.0 (REGIS II). REGIS has been developed by TNO, the Geological Survey of the Netherlands in cooperation with RIZA (the national water office) and the Provincial authorities. The hydro-geological model is a digital model of the upper part of the Dutch subsurface to a depth of approximately 500 meters. Using ESRI grids and shapefiles, the model shows the depth, thickness and hydraulic properties of hydro-geological units as well as the location of faults. A hydro-geological unit is a unit defined using texture, structure and soil type having (more or less) uniform hydrogeological properties bounded by facies-layers, erosion boundaries and faults. The hydrogeological model is based on the Digital Geological Model (DGM) and the shallow subsurface lithostratigraphical Nomenclature version 1.0 which is available through www.dinoloket.nl

REGIS II.1 - 02.1- Boxtel Formation - Boxtel Schimmert clay1
REGIS stands for REgionaal Geohydrologisch InformatieSysteem, which is the National hydro-geological model for the Netherlands. Version II.1 is an extension and revision of the hydro-geological model version II.0 (REGIS II). REGIS has been developed by TNO, the Geological Survey of the Netherlands in cooperation with RIZA (the national water office) and the Provincial authorities. The hydro-geological model is a digital model of the upper part of the Dutch subsurface to a depth of approximately 500 meters. Using ESRI grids and shapefiles, the model shows the depth, thickness and hydraulic properties of hydro-geological units as well as the location of faults. A hydro-geological unit is a unit defined using texture, structure and soil type having (more or less) uniform hydrogeological properties bounded by facies-layers, erosion boundaries and faults. The hydrogeological model is based on the Digital Geological Model (DGM) and the shallow subsurface lithostratigraphical Nomenclature version 1.0 which is available through www.dinoloket.nl

REGIS II.1 - 02.2- Boxtel Formation - Boxtel sand1
REGIS stands for REgionaal Geohydrologisch InformatieSysteem, which is the National hydro-geological model for the Netherlands. Version II.1 is an extension and revision of the hydro-geological model version II.0 (REGIS II). REGIS has been developed by TNO, the Geological Survey of the Netherlands in cooperation with RIZA (the national water office) and the Provincial authorities. The hydro-geological model is a digital model of the upper part of the Dutch subsurface to a depth of approximately 500 meters. Using ESRI grids and shapefiles, the model shows the depth, thickness and hydraulic properties of hydro-geological units as well as the location of faults. A hydro-geological unit is a unit defined using texture, structure and soil type having (more or less) uniform hydrogeological properties bounded by facies-layers, erosion boundaries and faults. The hydrogeological model is based on the Digital Geological Model (DGM) and the shallow subsurface lithostratigraphical Nomenclature version 1.0 which is available through www.dinoloket.nl

REGIS II.1 - 02.3- Boxtel Formation - Boxtel Liempde clay1
REGIS stands for REgionaal Geohydrologisch InformatieSysteem, which is the National hydro-geological model for the Netherlands. Version II.1 is an extension and revision of the hydro-geological model version II.0 (REGIS II). REGIS has been developed by TNO, the Geological Survey of the Netherlands in cooperation with RIZA (the national water office) and the Provincial authorities. The hydro-geological model is a digital model of the upper part of the Dutch subsurface to a depth of approximately 500 meters. Using ESRI grids and shapefiles, the model shows the depth, thickness and hydraulic properties of hydro-geological units as well as the location of faults. A hydro-geological unit is a unit defined using texture, structure and soil type having (more or less) uniform hydrogeological properties bounded by facies-layers, erosion boundaries and faults. The hydrogeological model is based on the Digital Geological Model (DGM) and the shallow subsurface lithostratigraphical Nomenclature version 1.0 which is available through www.dinoloket.nl

REGIS II.1 - 02.4- Boxtel Formation - Boxtel clay1

REGIS II.1 - 02.5- Boxtel Formation - Boxtel sand2

REGIS II.1 - 02.6- Boxtel Formation - Boxtel clay2

REGIS II.1 - 02.7- Boxtel Formation - Boxtel sand3

REGIS II.1 - 03.1- Beegden Formation - Beegden Rosmalen clay1

REGIS II.1 - 03.2- Beegden Formation - Beegden sand1

REGIS II.1 - 03.3- Beegden Formation - Beegden clay1

REGIS II.1 - 03.4- Beegden Formation - Beegden sand2

REGIS II.1 - 03.5- Beegden Formation - Beegden clay2

REGIS II.1 - 03.6- Beegden Formation - Beegden sand3

REGIS II.1 - 04.1- Kreftenheye Form. - Kreft. Wychen clay1

REGIS II.1 - 04.3- Kreftenheye Formation - Kreft. clay1

REGIS II.1 - 04.4- Kreftenheye Formation - Kreft. sand3

REGIS II.1 - 04.6- Kreftenheye Form.- Kreft. Zutphen clay1

REGIS II.1 - 04.7- Kreftenheye Formation - Kreft. sand5

REGIS II.1 - 04.9- Kreftenheye Formation - Kreft. sand6

Registered borehole specimens collection (England and Wales).
Collection of individually registered specimens and cuttings from onshore boreholes drilled in England and Wales by BGS, commercial and public bodies since the establishment of BGS in 1835. The collection has been developed as part of the BGS responsibility to establish and maintain a National Borehole Collection. The collection is updated on a daily basis by the addition of new data and by the modification of existing data. The collection contains all registered borehole samples for England and Wales, Scottish borehole samples are excluded. Details of the collection are held on the 'Borehole Materials Database', and may be accessed over the internet from the BGS web site.

Registers Of Macrofossils (Leeds System).
Registers of macrofossils arranged by 1" (one inch ro the mile) or 1:50 000 scale English geological sheets. Each register is numbered 1-359 and each sheet has one or more volumes. Within each volume, data is arranged by collectors symbol. This is the system used in the Leeds office (the London office had a different system- see MACROLONDON). It is this system that is currently in use.

Rehydroxilation of Fire-Clay Ceramics: Factors affecting early-stage mass gain in dating experiments (NERC grant NE/I014039/1)
Publication associated with NERC grant NE/I014039/1. In this paper, we discuss how the initial stages of mass gain are affected by the specific surface area (SSA) of the ceramic material. The paper provides guidance on experimental protocols to avoid dating results being distorted by relatively early-time mass gain data.

Relative Permeability and Flow Intermittency Measurements Using X-Ray Micro-tomography in a Complex Microporous Carbonate
We imaged the steady-state flow of brine and decane at different fractional flows during dual injection in a micro-porous limestone using X-ray micro-tomography. We applied differential imaging on Estaillades carbonate to (a) distinguish micro-porous regions from macro-pores, and (b) determine fluid phase pore occupancy and relative permeability at a capillary number, Ca = 7.3×10-6. The sample porosity was approximately 28 %, with 7% in macro-pores and 21% in pores that could not be directly resolved (micro-porosity). We find that, in addition to brine and decane, a fraction of the macroscopic pore space contains an intermittent phase, which is occupied either by brine or oil during the hour-long scan time. Furthermore, fluid occupancy in micro-porosity was classified into three sub-phases: micro-pore space with oil, micro-pore space with brine, and micro pores partially filled with oil and brine.

Relative permeability tabular data and X-ray imagery for UK reservoir rocks from the UKCCSRC Call 2 Project: Multiscale Characterisation of CO2 Storage in the UK
This data was collected as a part of the UK CCS Research Centre Call 2 Project C2-197: Multi scale characterisation of CO2 Storage in the United Kingdom. This is tabular data and X-ray imagery of drainage and imbibition relative permeability measured on reservoir rocks from the S. North Sea, N. North Sea, and E. Irish Sea of the Offshore UK. The data were obtained through measurements made at two distinct flow rates to allow for an evaluation of the impact of rock heterogeneity. Full details of the rock properties and experiments can be found in Reynolds et al. (2018) reference 3 below, the Final Report of the Project, as well as in the PhD Thesis of Catriona Reynolds with full references given below. Any use of the data should reference the journal article, reference 3 below. Geographical Area - Bunter sandstone in S. North Sea, Cleethorpes-1 Well, 1312.7-1316.1 m depth; Ormsirk sandstone in E. Irish Sea, Block 110/2a, 1247.9-1248.1 m depth; Captain sandstone in N. North Sea, Well 14/29a-3, 2997.6-3005.1 m depth. References 1. Imperial College London and British Geological Survey, Multiscale Characterisation of CO2 Storage in the United Kingdom, UKCCSRC Call 2 Project Final Report, 2016 2. Reynolds, C. Two-phase flow behaviour and relative permeability between CO2 and brine in sandstones at the pore and core scales, PhD Thesis, 2016, Imperial College London. 3. Reynolds, C.A., Blunt, M.J., Krevor, S. 2018, Multiphase flow characteristics of heterogeneous rocks from CO2 storage reservoirs in the United Kingdom, Water Resources Research, 54, 2, 729-745

Reliability of the susceptibility
Reliability of the susceptibility assessment to the presence of marine hydrate deposits. It based on the density of geographical data taken into account in the susceptibility assessment. Reference: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062865

Repeated measurements of gravity acceleration by absolute gravimeters
Repeated measurements of gravity acceleration at five absolute gravity stations in the Czech Republic have been carried out by absolute gravimeters
FG5 No. 215 and FG5X No. 251 manufactured by Micro-g LaCoste, Inc. USA. Data are distributed to AGrav database.

Report: Kingsnorth E.ON UK Carbon Capture & Storage Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 04: Project Design
During 2010-11, as part of the Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Demonstration Competition process, E.ON undertook a Front End Engineering Design (FEED) study for the development of a commercial scale CCS demonstration plant at Kingsnorth in Kent, South East England. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material is available for download here. This chapter contains design philosophy documents which were produced to ensure a common approach to the design of all aspects of the CCS project, addressing overall project lifecycle and the interface between the Carbon Capture Plant and the Power Station. Some of the key issues concerning the design and integration of a CCS development are: Power plants have been designed for many years to operate flexibly in response to the demands of the electricity network. The CCS plant technology is closer to process plant technology which is not usually designed for such flexible operation, and this will provide a key challenge during the detailed design process to provide the required flexibility of operation; Assessment of various cooling technologies for the power station and carbon capture plant shows that direct water cooling is the Best Available Technology in terms of Environmental Impact; Significant parts of the existing cooling water infrastructure can be re-used; There is potential to advantageously interface steam and cooling systems between the power plant and CCS plant; Venting, and the consequent cooling, of CO2 for pressure relief or operational reasons raises issues with lack of buoyancy and dispersion which require significant further work. Further supporting documents for chapter 4 of the Key Knowledge Reference Book can be downloaded. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Report: Kingsnorth E.ON UK Carbon Capture & Storage Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 05: Technical Design-Carbon capture and compression plant
During 2010-11, as part of the Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Demonstration Competition process, E.ON undertook a Front End Engineering Design (FEED) study for the development of a commercial scale CCS demonstration plant at Kingsnorth in Kent, South East England. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material is available for download here. This chapter presents the FEED stage Capture and Compression plant technical design. The 'Design Basis for CO2 Recovery Plant' lists the design parameters relating to the capture plant site, the flue gas to be treated, the utilities available, the required life and availability of the plant, and other constraints to be complied with in the capture plant, dehydration and compression design. The details of the processes of capture, compression, and dehydration are best visualised on the Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs) which show the process flows described above together with additional detail of coolers, pumps, and other plant items. Separate PFDs are provided for the capture plant, the compression plant, and the dehydration plant to show the complete flue gas and CO2 flows. Some of the key aspects of the technical design of the Capture and Compression plant are; There are two separate water circuits shown in the quencher with separate extractions of excess water. These have been separated because the recovered quench water is of good enough quality for re-use on the power station, whilst the deep FGD waste water is sent to the water treatment plant; Molecular sieves have been selected as the most appropriate equipment for dehydration of the CO2 prior to pipeline transportation; With the particular layout constraints of the Kingsnorth site, a split layout of the absorption and regeneration equipment is preferred over the compact layout. Further supporting documents for chapter 5 of the Key Knowledge Reference Book can be downloaded. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Report: Kingsnorth E.ON UK Carbon Capture & Storage Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 06: Technical Design - Pipeline and Platform
During 2010-11, as part of the Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Demonstration Competition process, E.ON undertook a Front End Engineering Design (FEED) study for the development of a commercial scale CCS demonstration plant at Kingsnorth in Kent, South East England. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material is available for download here. This chapter is devoted to the transportation and injection infrastructure requirements of the Kingsnorth Carbon Capture and Storage development. This encompasses a 36 inch (outside diameter) pipeline which runs onshore for approx 10 km and offshore in the Southern North Sea for 260 km, a platform in the vicinity of the Hewett field location, and appropriate facilities both for the conditioning of CO2 before pipeline entry and the processing of the CO2 stream prior to injection into the sequestration site. The chapter highlights in particular the following areas:- Critical assumptions; Platform Concept Selection; Transport Solution Selection; Pipeline Key Issues; Pipeline Pre-Commissioning; Temperature; Emergency Shutdown; Personnel Safety; Venting; Flow Assurance Modelling. Throughout the execution of the work described in this chapter significant opportunity was taken to ensure that the interfaces from capture (and compression) to pipeline/platform and to wells/storage were managed closely. This was achieved by cross system interface management meetings organized to consider interface issues and to compare issues raised in separate HAZIDs. The purpose of conceptual design has been to identify the problems to be addressed comprehensively by the next stage of FEED and this suite of reports provides valuable insights to the challenges faced. All aspects of establishing an agreed philosophy for design and operation of a storage and transport system for CCS begin with understanding what the initial CO2 flow conditions will be at the interface between the well perforations and the reservoir (i.e. at the sandstone face at the bottom of the well). Further supporting documents for chapter 6 of the Key Knowledge Reference Book can be downloaded.

Report: Kingsnorth E.ON UK Carbon Capture & Storage Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 07: Technical Design - Well and Storage
During 2010-11, as part of the Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Demonstration Competition process, E.ON undertook a Front End Engineering Design (FEED) study for the development of a commercial scale CCS demonstration plant at Kingsnorth in Kent, South East England. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material is available for download here. This chapter presents the results of studies into the undersea storage reservoir for CO2, in the Lower Bunter sandstone of the depleted Hewett natural gas field, the design recommendations for new wells and recommendations for abandonment of existing wells. The study addresses the following areas; Storage Reservoir integrity and capacity; Construction and completion of wells; CO2 properties and injectivity; Abandonment of existing and new wells; Monitoring; Hazard Identification (HAZID) and Risk Assessment. Some of the key aspects of the Wells and Storage technical design are; Wells that have already been abandoned using conventional methods pose a risk of future leakage to the surface and thereby compromising the integrity of the CO2 store; Data acquisition can be difficult: ensure that all required data sets are identified and make requests as early as possible to ensure quality data is obtained resistant standards; The CO2 equation of state and phase diagram is paramount in designing the injection process. Temperature and pressure of the CO2 must be carefully specified to avoid uncontrolled condensation or vaporisation; Many standard components and materials used in the offshore industry are suitable for use in CO2 flowing regime injection applications. Particular attention must be paid to corrosion resistance and longevity in a CO2 environment; For drilling injection wells into a depleted hydrocarbon reservoir, the principal challenge is drilling into low pore pressures, whilst minimising formation damage. Further supporting documents for Chapter 7 of the Key Knowledge Reference Book can be downloaded. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Report: Kingsnorth E.ON UK Carbon Capture & Storage Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 08: Health and Safety
During 2010-11, as part of the Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Demonstration Competition process, E.ON undertook a Front End Engineering Design (FEED) study for the development of a commercial scale CCS demonstration plant at Kingsnorth in Kent, South East England. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material is available for download here. This chapter presents the Health and Safety Reports produced during the current FEED stage. HAZID/ENVID studies were carried out for the following sections of the project: Kingsnorth Power Plant (impact on and from CCS); Kingsnorth CO2 capture and compression plant; CO2 Pipeline (On and Offshore); Kingsnorth CO2 Injection Platform; Wells and Reservoirs. The results of the HAZID studies for the power plant and capture and compression plant are recorded in the 'HAZID Report' and 'HAZID Report Addendum' in this Chapter. The pipeline and platform HAZID is in section 6 and the wells and reservoirs HAZID in section 7. Other reviews, such as SIMOPS (Simultaneous Operations) studies have been carried out. A review of Major Accident Hazards for the pipeline has been undertaken and the outcome is described in the report 'ALARP Review Report for Genesis Scope of Work'. Design Risk Assessments (DRAs) were carried out by the design teams, with support from the Safety Consultant. DRAs were qualitative rather than quantitative, due to the early stage of design within FEED. The DRAs are collated and summarised in the 'CDM Design Risk Register'. A draft Pre-Construction Safety Report has been produced to further inform the design process, and enhance our understanding of the significant hazards, both safety and environmental, associated with these processes. This overall approach to Health and Safety is set out in more detail in the 'Health and Safety Design Philosophy' Further supporting documents for chapter 8 of the Key Knowledge Reference Book can be downloaded.

Report: Kingsnorth E.ON UK Carbon Capture & Storage Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 09: Environment and Consent
During 2010-11, as part of the Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Demonstration Competition process, E.ON undertook a Front End Engineering Design (FEED) study for the development of a commercial scale CCS demonstration plant at Kingsnorth in Kent, South East England. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material is available for download here. This chapter presents the Environment and Consents Reports produced during the current FEED stage. One of the key objectives of the FEED study was to develop information across the project chain, from CO2 generation to storage in sufficient detail to enable production of applications for environmental consents. A Consents Philosophy was generated upon commencement of the FEED to develop a programme of work to achieve this objective, and identified the following groups of consents: Power and capture plant: 1989 Electricity Act - Section 36; Onshore pipeline: 1990 Town and Country Planning Act; Offshore Pipeline; Offshore Platform; Storage Consents. Some keys aspects of the FEED Consents study are: There were significant uncertainties at the outset of the project regarding the types of consent required. This was a consequence of the planning consent for Kingsnorth Units 5 and 6 having already been submitted in 2006, new government policy and draft regulatory guidance, and ongoing government consultations on regulatory issues; Many of these issues were resolved, enabling development of consent applications for the integrated power and capture plant and onshore and offshore CO2 pipeline. However in some cases, particularly for the offshore platform and storage, uncertainty remained throughout the project. In these instances the deliverable was an interpretation of the regulatory requirements that will need to be reviewed and taken into account to obtain consents during subsequent stages of the project. Further supporting documents for chapter 9 of the Key Knowledge Reference Book can be downloaded. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Report: Kingsnorth E.ON UK Carbon Capture & Storage Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 10: Project Management Reports
During 2010-11, as part of the Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Demonstration Competition process, E.ON undertook a Front End Engineering Design (FEED) study for the development of a commercial scale CCS demonstration plant at Kingsnorth in Kent, South East England. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material is available for download here. This chapter contains the output from many of the Project Management processes which control and report the progress of the FEED. The following commentary gives the reader a brief guide to the project management process or approach which has been used. FEED Programme: In order to scope out, control and report the FEED activity, a Work Breakdown Structure was developed. This structure had the following hierarchy - Level 1 - Chain Element; Level 2 - Phase; Level 3 - Discipline; Level 4 - Work Package (including Cost Time Resource definition); The programme is in the form of a fully resource loaded, logically linked network diagram. Risk Management: Throughout this FEED the management of risk was a key activity. This has helped inform and better understand the important risks faced by the project. This 'first of a kind' project saw a large number of new risks being identified, assessed, controlled and monitored during FEED. Project Cost Estimates: An estimating philosophy was established in FEED to set the standards for the estimates produced from across the project participants, including: To ensure a consistent approach in the collection, calculation and presentation of costs across all FEED Participants; To ensure that all likely project costs are identified and captured along with all associated details. A standard template was established for each participant to complete with the details of their section (i.e. Chain Element) of the cost estimate. The cost estimate was broadly consistent with Class 3/4 estimate as defined by AACE. Further supporting documents for chapter 10 of the Key Knowledge Reference Book can be downloaded. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Report: Kingsnorth E.ON UK Carbon Capture & Storage Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapters 01 - 03: Executive Summary
During 2010-11, as part of the Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Demonstration Competition process, E.ON undertook a Front End Engineering Design (FEED) study for the development of a commercial scale CCS demonstration plant at Kingsnorth in Kent, South East England. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material is available for download here. This Key Knowledge Reference Book is the result of the early stages of a Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) study to add a post-combustion Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) facility to a new supercritical coal fired power plant at Kingsnorth following the award of a FEED contract with the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) in March 2010. This study constitutes the first phase of a 3-phase approach to FEED adopted by E.ON UK. The Kingsnorth CCS Project consists of two 800MW power generating units at Kingsnorth power station, a 300MW (net) post combustion carbon capture plant integrated into the power plant with associated dehydration and compression facilities, a 36inch pipeline for transportation of CO2 to the Hewett gas field in the southern North Sea and a new platform at this field with associated injection facilities and wells. The Key Knowledge Reference Book is publicly available to all CCS project developers and other interested parties to ensure the lessons learned from this FEED are disseminated as widely as possible to advance the roll-out of Carbon Capture and Storage. This Key Knowledge Reference Book comprises information provided in the following structure: Chapter: 1 Executive Summary. 2 Content. 3 Table of Acronyms. 4 Project Design. 5 Technical Design - Carbon Capture and Compression Plant. 6 Technical Design - Pipeline and Platform. 7 Technical Design - Wells and Storage. 8 Health and Safety. 9 Environment and Consents. 10 Project Management Reports. Summary commentary on each of the chapters is provided to give both context to the information supplied and to pull out key areas of learning in each section. The Key Knowledge Reference Book is available for download and supporting materials for each chapter are available. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Report: Longannet ScottishPower Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Consortium Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 01: Programme Abstract
In March 2010, the Scottish CCS (Carbon Capture & Storage) Consortium began an extensive Front End, Engineering and Design (FEED) study to assess what would be required from an engineering, commercial and regulatory, perspective in order to progress the CCS demonstration project at Longannet Power station in Scotland through to construction. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material are available for download here. This chapter contains the output from many of the Project Management processes which control and report the progress of the FEED. The following commentary gives the reader a brief guide to the project management process or approach which has been used. FEED Programme: In order to scope out, control and report the FEED activity, a Work Breakdown Structure was developed. This structure had the following hierarchy - Level 1 - Chain Element; Level 2 - Phase; Level 3 - Discipline; Level 4 - Work Package (including Cost Time Resource definition); The programme is in the form of a fully resource loaded, logically linked network diagram. Risk Management: Throughout this FEED the management of risk was a key activity. This has helped inform and better understand the important risks faced by the project. This 'first of a kind' project saw a large number of new risks being identified, assessed, controlled and monitored during FEED. Project Cost Estimates: An estimating philosophy was established in FEED to set the standards for the estimates produced from across the project participants, including: To ensure a consistent approach in the collection, calculation and presentation of costs across all FEED Participants; To ensure that all likely project costs are identified and captured along with all associated details. A standard template was established for each participant to complete with the details of their section (i.e. Chain Element) of the cost estimate. The cost estimate was broadly consistent with Class 3/4 estimate as defined by AACE. Further supporting documents for chapter 10 of the Key Knowledge Reference Book can be downloaded. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Report: Longannet ScottishPower Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Consortium Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 02: FEED Cost Abstract
In March 2010, the Scottish CCS (Carbon Capture & Storage) Consortium began an extensive Front End, Engineering and Design (FEED) study to assess what would be required from an engineering, commercial and regulatory, perspective in order to progress the CCS demonstration project at Longannet Power station in Scotland through to construction. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material are available for download here. This section of the report contains a high-level monthly summary of the total costs incurred performing the Consortium's FEED study. This information is provided with the aim of enabling potential developers of CCS projects to estimate up front FEED costs. A detailed cost breakdown is also provided for each of the key parties within the Consortium in the form of Cost, Time and Resource (CTR) information in PDFs below, under the following references: UKCCS - KT - S1.0 - SP - 001 ScottishPower CTR Summary; UKCCS - KT - S1.0 - ACC - 001 Aker Clean Carbon CTR Summary; UKCCS - KT - S1.0 - NG - 001 National Grid CTR Summary; UKCCS - KT - S1.0 - Shell - 001 Shell CTR Summary; The detailed CTR information provides a breakdown of the actual labour effort used for the totality of the FEED scope of work, presented by month and by CTR activity, the type of expertise used, the number of hours worked and the associated costs. The split between internal and external costs is shown, together with the original budget estimates developed for each CTR prior to commencing FEED. The appropriate summary section from the Feed Close Out Report can be downloaded as a PDF (FEED cost.pdf). The main text of the FEED Close Out Report, together with the supporting appendix for this section can be downloaded as PDF files. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Report: Longannet ScottishPower Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Consortium Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 03: Design Abstract
In March 2010, the Scottish CCS (Carbon Capture & Storage) Consortium began an extensive Front End, Engineering and Design (FEED) study to assess what would be required from an engineering, commercial and regulatory, perspective in order to progress the CCS demonstration project at Longannet Power station in Scotland through to construction. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material are available for download here. This section of the report provides details on the organisation and management of the design as well as key design information for the End-to-End CCS chain. This includes the following: Organisation of the design teams; The End-to-End Basis of Design; The design life; The End-to-End CCS chain process; Piping and instrumentation diagrams; Plant and site layout drawings for the various sites; Equipment; Plant and equipment specifications; Subsurface engineering design reports; No attempt has been made to generalise design data. All of the design information presented is specific to the ScottishPower Consortium Project and has been presented to provide an insight into the development of the End-to-End CCS solution. The FEED design study was based on the Outline Solution developed by the Consortium prior to FEED. The Outline Solution was a conceptual design for the End-to-End CCS chain that was considered to be technically feasible within the constraints of the knowledge available at the time. It included a series of optioneering studies to identify the preferred design for this particular project. During FEED, the Outline Solution design was developed in greater detail to reduce the cost and technical uncertainty, and consequently reduce the financial, programme and technical risks prior to commencing the implementation stage of the project. It must be stressed that a FEED study is carried out to develop a design to the degree that the technical and programme risks are reduced to the agreed limits to better inform the project cost estimate. The current status is that the design has been progressed as far as is practicable within the time and cost constraints of the FEED study. Specifications and datasheets for major equipment have been developed in order that they can be issued to potential suppliers during the implementation phase of the project. The FEED study identified further activities that cannot be performed at the FEED stage of the project but which have been recorded as actions for further investigation during the implementation stage. The FEED study has advanced the development of the application of CCS technology considerably. Though research and conceptual studies are essential to the development of any new technology, they cannot identify many of the difficult design issues that are identified and addressed during a FEED study. Similarly the progress from FEED to the implementation phase is expected to present further challenges for a project of this novel nature. However, the advantage of a FEED study is that the main issues that could present high cost or programme difficulties or even potential 'show stoppers' should already have been identified and, where possible, addressed. Key decisions and design changes taken during the FEED study are explained in Section 11 of the report. The FEED study indicates that CCS remains technically feasible. The appropriate summary section from the Feed Close Out Report can be downloaded as a PDF (Design.pdf). The main text of the FEED Close Out Report, together with the supporting appendix for this section can be downloaded as PDF files.

Report: Longannet ScottishPower Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Consortium Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 04: End to End CCS Chain Operations Abstract
In March 2010, the Scottish CCS (Carbon Capture & Storage) Consortium began an extensive Front End, Engineering and Design (FEED) study to assess what would be required from an engineering, commercial and regulatory, perspective in order to progress the CCS demonstration project at Longannet Power station in Scotland through to construction. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material are available for download here. This section of the report illustrates how the End-to-End CCS chain must be considered as a system as well as separate elements. It builds upon the description of the individual elements contained in Section 3, and captures the development of the End-to-End CCS chain design carried out during FEED. Specifically, this section focuses on the following aspects: Commissioning the system in preparation for operations, as well as decommissioning at the end of the capture and storage period; Operations and maintenance activities; Control; Metering and monitoring; Venting; This section also provides some selected information on the individual CCS chain elements and a summary of the RAM (reliability, availability and maintainability) analysis undertaken during FEED of which one of the key outputs was the anticipated CO2 injection profile for the project. The appropriate summary section from the Feed Close Out Report can be downloaded as a PDF (End to end CCS chain operation.pdf). The main text of the FEED Close Out Report, together with the supporting appendix for this section can be downloaded as PDF files. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Report: Longannet ScottishPower Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Consortium Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 05: FEED Decisions Abstract
In March 2010, the Scottish CCS (Carbon Capture & Storage) Consortium began an extensive Front End, Engineering and Design (FEED) study to assess what would be required from an engineering, commercial and regulatory, perspective in order to progress the CCS demonstration project at Longannet Power station in Scotland through to construction. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material are available for download here. This section of the report provides a summary of key decisions and design changes made during FEED that have resulted from the development of the End-to-End solution and the design works conducted by each of the Consortium Partners. The information described in this section captures the design decisions and changes that have had the most prominent impact on the End-to-End Basis of Design. For each key design change/decision, the background, options considered and the final outcome is described. The ScottishPower CCS Consortium Decision Register can be found in PDFs . The appropriate summary section from the Feed Close Out Report can be downloaded as a PDF (Key FEED decisions.pdf). The main text of the FEED Close Out Report, together with the supporting appendix for this section can be downloaded as PDF files. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Report: Longannet ScottishPower Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Consortium Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 06: Health, Safety and Environment Abstract
In March 2010, the Scottish CCS (Carbon Capture & Storage) Consortium began an extensive Front End, Engineering and Design (FEED) study to assess what would be required from an engineering, commercial and regulatory, perspective in order to progress the CCS demonstration project at Longannet Power station in Scotland through to construction. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material are available for download here. This section provides information on how the Consortium approaches the health, safety and environmental aspects of the End-to-End CCS chain. The key components of the Health and Safety (H&S) Policies already in place for each Consortium Partner include: Commitment from top level management; Systematic approach to ensure legal compliance; Provision of training to develop H&S awareness and competence; Providing a safe and healthy work environment; Identify, assess and control hazards and risks; Set targets and objectives for improvement; Monitor, measure and review H&S performance; Report on H&S performance, both internally and externally; Extend the policy to contractors and monitor their compliance; Include H&S performance in staff appraisal and reward accordingly; Achieve continuous improvement; This section gives some background and the key drivers to health, safety and environmental aspects of carbon capture, transportation and storage. The narrative describes the Consortium's method of integrating process safety activities with the overall design process. In the appendices, the full End-to-End CCS safety report is provided, followed by detailed summaries of all the CCS chain specific health, safety and environmental work undertaken during FEED. The appropriate summary section from the Feed Close Out Report can be downloaded as a PDF (Health, safety and environment.pdf). The main text of the FEED Close Out Report, together with the supporting appendix for this section can be downloaded as PDF files. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Report: Longannet ScottishPower Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Consortium Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 07: Risk Management Abstract
In March 2010, the Scottish CCS (Carbon Capture & Storage) Consortium began an extensive Front End, Engineering and Design (FEED) study to assess what would be required from an engineering, commercial and regulatory, perspective in order to progress the CCS demonstration project at Longannet Power station in Scotland through to construction. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material are available for download here. This section of the report aims to inform potential developers of CCS of the impact of risks on the design of large-scale CCS. It discusses the ScottishPower CCS Consortium approach to risk management, looking particularly at the identification and mitigation of specific areas of risks during FEED and the mitigating actions required for the major residual risks. The section covers five key areas: Overview of the risk assessment process through FEED, including mitigation measures, major movement of the Top 50 risks on the Risk Register, and current active risks; Mitigation strategies for major project risks; Mitigation strategies for those risks with the potential to cause significant delay to the Overall Project Programme; Allocation and insurability of risks; Integrity and risk assessment of existing plant to be integrated; From the outset of FEED, risk management was co-ordinated by the Risk Workstream. The Risk Workstream included representatives of each of the Consortium Partners and Aker Clean Carbon. The Risk Workstream had a remit to capture, codify and report on progress with risk management throughout the study. The management of the risks themselves remained with the risk owners. The Consortium's risk management strategy was based on the provision of a cross-Consortium, over-arching risk management framework. This was developed to: Provide visibility of the Consortium's risk exposure Make best use of the Consortium Partners' risk management experience Facilitate the assessment of the impact of changes within the scope of one Partner's risk profile to the others Encourage the identification of risks at Partner interfaces Provide consistent risk reporting across the Consortium in line with agreed requirements Each Consortium Partner was responsible for reporting monthly on their risks to the Consortium risk lead, who in turn collated the Consortium Partner updates and reported the overall Consortium risk status to the Consortium Management Office and DECC to show how the total risk value changed over the course of FEED. The appropriate summary section from the Feed Close Out Report can be downloaded as a PDF (Risk management.pdf). The main text of the FEED Close Out Report, together with the supporting appendix for this section can be downloaded as PDF files. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Report: Longannet ScottishPower Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Consortium Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 08: Consents and Permitting Abstract
In March 2010, the Scottish CCS (Carbon Capture & Storage) Consortium began an extensive Front End, Engineering and Design (FEED) study to assess what would be required from an engineering, commercial and regulatory, perspective in order to progress the CCS demonstration project at Longannet Power station in Scotland through to construction. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material are available for download here. This section of the report provides details of the regulatory work carried out during FEED to achieve the legal requirements of constructing and operating an End-to-End CCS system within European, UK and Scottish legislative frameworks, including implications for consenting of the power plant from which CO2 is to be captured. During the development of the Outline Solution for the UKCCS Demonstration Competition, the Consortium developed a comprehensive Consents Register that tracks month by month progress and captures all relevant Consents, permits and licenses required by the End-to-End CCS chain. A summary of the Consortium progress as of the end of Q1 2011 is provided. Written against a backdrop of significant regulatory change and uncertainty, this report also outlines the process undertaken in identifying consenting risk and provides commentary on the key risks identified, as contained within the project Risk Register. The appropriate summary section from the Feed Close Out Report can be downloaded as a PDF (Consents and permitting.pdf). The main text of the FEED Close Out Report, together with the supporting appendix for this section can be downloaded as PDF files. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Report: Longannet ScottishPower Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Consortium Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 09: Stakeholder Profiling Abstract
In March 2010, the Scottish CCS (Carbon Capture & Storage) Consortium began an extensive Front End, Engineering and Design (FEED) study to assess what would be required from an engineering, commercial and regulatory, perspective in order to progress the CCS demonstration project at Longannet Power station in Scotland through to construction. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material are available for download here. The UK Government's basic premise for financially supporting CCS demonstration is to facilitate further commercial scale CCS projects in the UK and internationally. DECC have made knowledge transfer activities a key requirement of the UKCCS Demonstration Competition. The Consortium identified stakeholder groups particularly relevant for knowledge transfer activities. Stakeholders were categorised in terms of: Knowledge needs; Potential to influence CCS deployment; Experience/ expertise they can bring to demonstration knowledge; Potential to disseminate demonstration knowledge; The assessment identified six priority audience groups: Academics, Environmental NGOs, Finance and Insurance, Industry, Initiatives and Developers and Regulatory and Policy. The Stakeholder Profiling Interviews sought to answer the following questions: Who are the key CCS stakeholders? What information are these stakeholders interested in from a CCS demonstration? What are the preferred methods for key stakeholders to receive and access information? Are the key stakeholders interested in interacting with CCS demonstrations, and if so, what is the preferred method to facilitate this interaction? This section of the FEED Close Out Report combines over 30 stakeholder interviews, with examples of knowledge transfer leading practice. Other FEED workstreams considered wider stakeholder engagement, for example, local community engagement and public communication. The appropriate summary section from the Feed Close Out Report can be downloaded as a PDF (Stakeholder profiling.pdf). The main text of the FEED Close Out Report, together with the supporting appendix for this section can be downloaded as PDF files. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Report: Longannet ScottishPower Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Consortium Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 10: CCS Project Costs Abstract
In March 2010, the Scottish CCS (Carbon Capture & Storage) Consortium began an extensive Front End, Engineering and Design (FEED) study to assess what would be required from an engineering, commercial and regulatory, perspective in order to progress the CCS demonstration project at Longannet Power station in Scotland through to construction. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material are available for download here. This section of the report contains the cost estimate for the End-to-End CCS chain for the purposes of providing potential developers of CCS projects with indicative cost information regarding capital expenditure, operating costs and decommissioning/ abandonment costs. One of the key objectives of the FEED phase of the UKCCS Demonstration Competition was to increase the cost certainty for the overall project. During development of the Outline Solution, costs were estimated to an accuracy of -30% to +50%. Through the design and project development across the various Consortium workstreams (as outlined in the previous sections of this report), it has been possible to refine this accuracy and increase the cost certainty of the indicative core capital costs to approximately -12%/+15% accuracy. The appropriate summary section from the Feed Close Out Report can be downloaded as a PDF (CCS project costs.pdf). The main text of the FEED Close Out Report, together with the supporting appendix for this section can be downloaded as PDF files. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Report: Longannet ScottishPower Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Consortium Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) - Chapter 11: Lessons Learned Abstract
In March 2010, the Scottish CCS (Carbon Capture & Storage) Consortium began an extensive Front End, Engineering and Design (FEED) study to assess what would be required from an engineering, commercial and regulatory, perspective in order to progress the CCS demonstration project at Longannet Power station in Scotland through to construction. The study yielded invaluable knowledge and the resulting material are available for download here. This section of the report is provided as a support document to the tangible learning and documentation contained within the FEED Close Out Report and accompanying appendices. The experiential learning of the teams working across key functions of the FEED study was captured in guided discussions halfway through FEED to establish the specific challenges, successes and learning of the various workstreams involved in undertaking FEED. Representatives from all the workstreams were brought together in December 2010 for a Consortium-wide Lessons Learned Workshop to capture specific, discrete lessons that could benefit future CCS FEED studies in the UK and abroad. Five key themes emerged consistently across workstreams: Ensuring an appropriate mobilisation period Early engagement with key stakeholders Cross-Consortium communication to present an integrated Consortium Recognising restrictions imposed by the bounds of a competitive procurement Working with uncertainty across regulation, scope, budget and political will Workstream specific learning outcomes are summarised in the main report, with detailed examples included in the appendices. The technical and communication workstream appendices both contain examples of actual documents used during the ScottishPower Consortium FEED (National Grid CCS staff training material and the ScottishPower Consortium Communications Strategy) that were considered useful for future CCS project Developers. The appropriate summary section from the Feed Close Out Report can be downloaded as a PDF below (Lessons learned.pdf). The main text of the FEED Close Out Report, together with the supporting appendix for this section can be downloaded as PDF files. Note this dataset is a duplicate of the reports held at the National Archive which can be found at the following link -

Research Infrastructure CzechGeo/EPOS
Website of the CzechGeo/EPOS consortium (Comprehensive system for observing geophysical fields operated by geoscience institutions in the Czech Republic). The purpose of this website is to be the main platform of the geophysical community for obtaining information about activities in this field and for informing the public. The website functions as a central signpost for access to geophysical, geodetic and geological data and services in the Czech Republic.

Research on a thermally loaded rock (project)
Website of the project "Research on a thermally loaded rock - perspectives of underground thermal energy storage" (2011-2014). The aim of the project was to study the thermal energy flow in the rock environment built of granitic rocks, both in terms of efficiency as well as safety.

Resilient Economy and Society by Integrated SysTems modelling (RESIST) (NERC grant NE/N012143/1)
Hazards data in Sichuan (Dechang, Anning River catchment), China. Data include rainfall, earthquake, river catchment, boundary, geological map, soil map, land-cover map, road-map, DEM.

REST API Service for The Geothermal Information Platform of Hungary (OGRE)
This Server provides the following REST API Feature services: Base of Quaternary (Kvarter talp), Base of Upper Pannonian (Felső-pannóniai talp), Base of Pannoanian (Pannóniai talp), Top of the pre-Cenozoic basement (Prekainozoos aljzat felszíne), Depth of the 30°C isotherm (A 30 °C izoterma becsült mélysége), Depth of the 50°C isotherm (Az 50 °C izoterma becsült mélysége), Depth of the 75°C isotherm (A 75 °C izoterma becsült mélysége), Depth of the 100°C isotherm (A 100 °C izoterma becsült mélysége), Depth of the 125°C isotherm (A 125 °C izoterma becsült mélysége), Thermal water well (Hévízkút), Status of thermal water wells (Hévízkút állapot), Geothermal gradient of thermal water wells (Hévízkutak geotermikus gradiense), Temperature of the pre-Cenozoic basement (A prekainozoos aljzatfelszín hőmérséklete (konduktív modell)), Geothermal projects (Geotermikus projektek), Quaternary 30-50 °C top (Kvarter 30–50 °C tető), Quaternary 30-50 °C bottom (Kvarter 30–50 °C talp), Upper Pannonian 30-50 °C top (Felső-pannóniai 30–50 °C tető), Upper Pannonian 30-50 °C bottom (Felső-pannóniai 30–50 °C talp), Upper Pannonian 50-75 °C top (Felső-pannóniai 50–75 °C tető), Upper Pannonian 50-75 °C bottom (Felső-pannóniai 50–75 °C talp), Upper Pannonian 75-100 °C top (Felső-pannóniai 75–100 °C tető), Upper Pannonian 75-100 °C bottom (Felső-pannóniai 75–100 °C talp), Upper Pannonian 100-125 °C top (Felső-pannóniai 100–125 °C tető), Upper Pannonian 100-125 °C bottom (Felső-pannóniai 100–125 °C talp), Upper Pannonian 125°C < top (Felső-pannóniai 125 °C < tető), Upper Pannonian 125°C < bottom (Felső-pannóniai 125 °C < talp), Drilled pre-Cenozoic limestone-dolomite below 2500 m (2500 m alatt megfúrt prekainozoos mészkő–dolomit réteg), Drilled pre-Cenozoic formations below 2500 m (2500 m alatt megfúrt prekainozoos réteg), Borehole deeper than 2500 m (2500 méternél mélyebb fúrás), Carbonate basement formation below 2500 m (2500 m-nél mélyebb karbonátos aljzatfelszín képződmény), Magmatic, metamorphic basement formation below 2500 m (2500 m-nél mélyebb mélységi magmás, metamorf aljzatfelszín képződmény), Unknown geology below 2500 m (2500 m-nél mélyebb ismeretlen aljzatú terület), Geothermal district heating (Geotermikus távfűtés), District heating (Egyéb távfűtés), Thermal groundwater body (Termálvíztest (VGT2))

Results files from computer simulations of fluid flow for 3D models of Ediacaran organisms and communities (NERC Grant NE/V010859/2)
Results files from computer simulations of fluid flow for 3D models of Ediacaran organisms and communities, generated using computational fluid dynamics. Simulations performed using the simulation software package COMSOL Multiphysics. Root folder names refer to initial trials ‘Cylinder Tests’), modern organisms (‘Chondrocladia lyra’), Ediacaran organisms (‘Pectinifrons’ and ‘Pterdinium’), and Ediacaran surfaces (‘Avalon’ and ‘White Sea’ surfaces). Sub-folder and file names refer to simulations performed with different models (e.g., ‘Base’, ‘Filled’ and ‘Flush’ Petridinium models), model orientations (e.g., 0°, 90°, and 180° to the inlet), current velocities (e.g., 0.15, 0.5 and 0.85 m/s), and turbulence models (e.g., Spalart Allmaras, shear stress transport, and large eddy simulation). Further details for Pectinifrons and Pteridinium available in Darroch et al. 2022 ( https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2022.2) and Darroch et al. 2023 ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.105989), respectively. Files can be opened with COMSOL Multiphysics (www.comsol.com) versions 5.6 or 6.0 and above.

Results from geochemical surveys in urban areas
Laboratory results for the analysis of soil samples collected from urban areas during the baseline geochemical mapping programme of Britain. Sample sites are described on field slips. Chemical results are subjected to high level of quality control in the laboratory. Results are the raw data processed (standardisation and normalisation) to give seamless geochemical images and the value added G-BASE (Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment) data in the BGS geochemistry database.

Results from the regional geochemical mapping of Britain
Laboratory results for the analysis of geochemical samples (stream sediments, soil and water) collected for the high resolution geochemical mapping of mainland Britain. The programme of regional geochemical sampling began in 1968 in the northern Highlands of Scotland. Sample sites are described on field slips. Chemical results are subjected to high level of quality control in the laboratory. Results are the raw data processed (standardisation and normalisation) to give seamless geochemical images and the value added G-BASE (Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment ) data in the BGS geochemistry database.

Results of planktonic foraminifera biostratigraphy at Site U1559A (NERC Grant NE/W00478X/1)
Results of shore-based micropaleontological analysis, summarizing planktonic foraminifera biostratigraphy at Site U1559A. IODP Hole U1559A located in the central South Atlantic (30°15.6335′S, 15°2.0942′W). Collected data allowed to identify slumped interval of older material present within much younger upper part of the local sedimentary sequence.

Results of simulations of rotating Boussinesq convection in a planar geometry. (NERC grant NE/J007080/1)
Rotating Rayleigh-Benard convection. Table of the input and output parameters of the simulations. Snapshot of the temperature field, three components of the velocity and three components of the magnetic field in 3D. Data generated with a magnetohydrodynamical code of rotating Boussinesq convection in planar geometry (Cattaneo et al. 2003 ApJ 588 1183-1198). Data published in Guervilly, Hughes & Jones 2014 JFM 758 407-435 (DOI:10.1017/jfm.2014.542) and Guervilly, Hughes & Jones 2015 PRE 91 041001 (DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.91.041001)

Results of two sampling campaigns conducted in Kwale County Kenya in March and June 2016 by GHS/UPC as part of the Gro for GooD project (NERC grant NE/M008894/1)
Results of two sampling campaigns conducted in Kwale County Kenya in March and June 2016 by GHS/UPC as part of the Gro for GooD project. Water samples from over 79 groundwater and 6 surface water (SW) locations were analysed for major ions, stable isotopes, selected trace constituents, electrical conductivity, nitrates, ammonia, pH, DO (Dissolved Oxygen), Eh (oxidation / reduction potential), Temperature, TOC (Total Organic Carbon) and field alkalinity. Most locations were sampled in both March (dry season) and June (wet season). Geology at each location recorded as follows: P - Pliocene Sands, Pls - Pleistocene Sands, Plc - Pleistocene corals. Reference: First step to understand the importance of new deep aquifer pumping regime in groundwater system in a developing country, Kwale, Kenya; Ferrer et al, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 18, EGU2016-16969, 2016; UPC - The Departement of Civil Enginyering de la Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya GHS - Grupo de Hidrologia Subterranea

Reykjanes Peninsula microseismicity (NERC Grant NE/W004690/1)
Contains location and associated parameter information for microseismicity detected in the Reykjanes peninsula between June 2020 and August 2021. Primary detection and location carried out using Quakemigrate. Template matching used to find very small magnitude events. GrowClust used to obtain accurate relative relocations. Local magnitudes of events also computed. Data from a total of 42 stations were used for the detection and location process. Repository also includes the 1-D velocity model used for the relocation.

Rhenium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Rhenium (Re), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Rheology of three-phase suspensions (NERC grant NE/K500999/1)
The data consists of a spreadsheet containing rheology data for 39 samples of syrup, containing air bubbles and/or spherical glass particles. These data were used by Truby et al. (2014) to support a model for the rheology of a three-phase suspension. Each sample was placed in the rheometer (concentric cylinder geometry), and the stress was stepped up and then down, taking a measurement of strain rate at each step. Further details of the experiments may be found in Truby et al. (2014). NERC grant is NE/K500999/1. Co-author working with a NERC grant, NE/G014426/1.

Rheometry data on ash from Mount Meager, British Columbia, Canada (NERC Grant NE/W003767/1)
Rheometry data on ash from Mt Meager, British Columbia, Canada. All measurements that generated these data were performed using an Anton Paar MCR302 rotational rheometer with an Anton Paar powder flow cell attached. The rotating measuring geometry is 24.16 mm in diameter and contains 20 evenly spaced depressions of 1.75 mm that extend the entire length of the measuring cylinder. The profiled nature of this geometry prevents particle slip during rotation. Shear rate sweeps were performed to characterise the rheological behaviour of our pyroclast-gas mixtures. ~50 g of sample (ash from Mt Meager, British Columbia, Canada) was loaded into the powder flow cell with the measuring geometry inserted. Then for a constant gas flux applied to the base of the powder flow cell, the measuring geometry was rotated to apply a range of shear rates starting at 0.1 s-1 ramping up to 328 s-1 with approximately 20 data points generated per decade. These shear rate sweeps were performed for monodisperse grain sizes from 500 µm to 63 µm at a range of volumetric gas flow rates. Specifically for the 500 µm sample the rheology experiments were performed at 0, 15, 30, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, and 70 L min-1. For the 250 µm sample the rheology experiments were performed at 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 L min-1. For the 125 µm sample the rheology experiments were performed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10 L min-1. For the 63 µm sample the rheology experiments were performed at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 5 L min-1.

Riga PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Riga, Latvia. It has been provided by CGG NPA Satellite Mapping as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Rio-Antirio PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Rio-Antirio, Greece. It has been provided by Harokopio University as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Risø output files of luminescence measurements (NERC Grant Grant NE/S007091/1)
Contains standard luminescence measurement files output from the Risø reader (SEC, SEQ, and BINX file types). This data set is comprised of standard files associated with a Risø Luminescence Reader. 48 sediment samples from New Zealand were analyzed using a modified version of pIRIR infrared analysis of feldspars, the 3ET protocol. Sample lab codes are listed in a separate file, along with corresponding site location IDs, field codes, and depth below surface. Three file types are included in this dataset: sec files: Contain the series of commands issued to the Risø Reader for a particular run. txt format, readable by Notepad or similar software. SEQ files: Sequence file used for programming in run sequences. These files are readable with Risø Sequence Editor software. binx files: A binary output file that records measurements made by the Reader. The format is described in Risø's software manuals and is typically accessed using the Risø Analyst software. The file in this data set have names that include the 5-digit sample lab code. A file can contain data from one or more samples. The word 'restart' appears in files where a machine run was interrupted and had to be restarted. The code 'MU' indicates a run where fading measurements were collected. A complete description of the Risø TL/OSL Reader, software, and associated file formats is available at: Free software for accessing binx and SEQ files is also available at the DTU link.

River data: Calabria, Italy (NERC grant NE/L002515/1)
River elevation and catchment area data for major rivers in Calabria, Italy (one river profile in each file). Data were extracted from 1 arc second SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) Digital Elevation Models using the Arc GIS hydrology toolbox between October 2015 and October 2019. These river profiles were acquired for fluvial inversion to calculate rock uplift in Calabria.

River channel bank height data for the Rio Beni, Bolivia (NERC grant NE/H009108/1)
Each file contains four columns of data representing: column 1: UTM Zone 19S Easting coordinate for survey location along the Rio Beni, Bolivia. column 2: UTM Zone 19S Northing coordinate for survey location along the Rio Beni, Bolivia. column 3: Measurment range from observer to bank in m column 4: Bank height in m (the difference between bank top and low flow water level) UTM coordinates were measured using a Trimble Global Position System with OmniSTAR HP correction Measurement range and bank height were measured using a GPS supported laser range finder (Impulse 200 LR< Laser Technology inc) Survey 1 was carried out between 15th and 19th September 2011, when the flow discharge within the Beni was in the range 453-530 cumecs Survey 2 was carried out between 20th and 23rd September 2011, when the flow discharge within the Beni was in the range 762-892 cumecs

River channel centreline positions for the Rio Beni, Bolivia (NERC grant NE/H009108/1)
Each contains two columns of data representing the UTM coordinates of the centre line of the Rio Beni in Bolivia. These coordinates were derived by digitising Landsat imagery and aerial photographs (1960 only). The number in the file name after "banks_c" corresponds to the year. Numbers in column 1: UTM Zone 19S Easting Numbers in column 2: UTM Zone 19S Northing

River Rating Curves and Equations, Kwale County, Kenya (NERC grant NE/M008894/1)
The data sets contain the rating curves and equations, approved stage (H) discharge (Q) data for the purposed of building river rating information for three hydrometric stations: 3KD06 and KISCOL weir on Mukurumudzi River and Eshu Bridge on Ramisi River, in Kwale. See also Wara et al. 2019: https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2019.114028

River water and suspended sediment chemistry from Nepal (NERC grant NE/N007441/1)
Cation, anion and Sr isotope data from Nepalese river water. Suspended sediment concentration, suspended sediment chemistry presented as wt% oxides from Nepalese rivers. Both the waters and sediments were collected following the 2015 earthquakes.

River Water Level Data, Kwale County, Kenya (NERC grant NE/M008894/1)
The dataset contains hourly river water level data for 3 monitoring sites; Mukurumudzi River (3KD06 Shimba Hills & KISCOL Weir) Ramisi River (Eshu Bridge) in Kwale County, Kenya

Rock Peg Vein
The Geological Survey Ireland (GSI), as partner and Work Package 7 (Minerals) leader of EMODnet Geology Phase III, are compiling information on rock peg vein deposits. EMODnet partners are submitting the spatial extent of mapped deposits and established information; here you can view data collated thus far. Need abstract information here.....

Rock Peg Vein (points)
The Geological Survey Ireland (GSI), as partner and Work Package 7 (Minerals) leader of EMODnet Geology Phase III, are compiling information on rock peg vein deposits. EMODnet partners are submitting the spatial extent of mapped deposits and established information; here you can view data collated thus far. Need abstract information here.....

Rockall Consortium (RCK) Geophysical and Sampling Survey 1998/1_RCK: West Shetland, Northern Rockall Trough, Hatton Bank (28/05/1998 to 17/06/1998)
This Rockall Consortium marine geophysical and sampling survey took place in May/June 1998 in the area of West Shetland, Northern Rockall Trough and Hatton Bank on board RRS Challenger. Subsurface seismic data were collected with an airgun and sparker. Bathymetry data was collected with a Simrad EA500. Seabed samples were collected with a gravity corer. Technical details of the survey are contained in BGS Report WB/92/42C, https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/529921/.

Rockall Consortium (RCK) Geophysical Survey 1992/1_RCK: Northern Rockall Trough and surrounding shallow water areas (10/05/1992 to 04/07/1992)
This marine geophysical survey took place from 03/05/1992 – 10/07/1992 in the Rockall Continental Margin on board the Kommandor Michael. The survey was carried out by the British Geological Survey (BGS). The aim of the survey was to investigate the shallow seismic structure along the eastern margin of the Rockall Bank, Northern Rockall Trough and adjacent banks. Sub bottom seismic profiling data were collected using Airgun, Sparker and Deep Tow Boomer systems. Gravity and Magnetic data were also acquired. These data are archived by BGS. Technical details of the survey are contained in BGS Technical Report WB/92/20C. Brett, CP and Dobinson, A. 1992. Rockall Continental Margin Project. Operations Report. GeoIndex Offshore -

Rockall Consortium (RCK) Geophysical Survey 1993/2_RCK: Northern Rockall Trough and adjacent areas (04/07/1993 to 14/08/1993)
This geophysical survey has been carried out by Digicon Geophysical, for British Geological Survey (BGS), the Multichannel Deep Seismic survey took place from July to August 1993 in the Rockall area on board the MV Acadian Searcher. The purpose was to collect data as part of Rockall Continental Margin Project: 1) to shoot a grid of lines on eastern flank of Rockall Bank; 2) to shot three long transect lines across Rockall Bank and the Rockall-Hatton Basin down to 18sec two-way time; 3) to acquire gravity data. Sub-bottom profiling data were collected using Airguns. Gravity data were collected. These data were recorded digitally and are archived by BGS. Technical details of the survey are contained in BGS report WB/93/28C and contractor report. GeoIndex Offshore -

Rockall Consortium (RCK) Geophysical Survey 2000/1_RCK: Hatton Bank, Hatton-Rockall Basin, Rockall Bank (27/05/2000 to 09/07/2000)
This British Geological Survey (BGS) marine geophysical survey took place in May to July 2000 in the Hatton and Rockall Banks aboard the RV Colonel Templer. This was a regional geophysical survey to gather high resolution seismic, gravity and magnetic data of the area. A total of 5611km of data were collected in a grid of 58 survey tracks using a suite of seismic instruments (airgun, sparker and echo sounder) and also gravity meter and magnetometer. The data was recorded digitally and is archived by BGS. Technical details of the survey are contained in BGS Internal Reports CR/00/42 ( https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/529920/) & CR/01/07. GeoIndex Offshore -

Rockall Consortium (RCK) Sampling Survey 1994/1_RCK:Rockall
This marine sampling survey comprised four 2-week legs and formed part of the Rockall Continental Margin Project. It was undertaken from April to June 1994 in the Hatton-Rockall area of the north Atlantic on board the MV Kommandor Therese. The purpose was: 1) to obtain short sea-bed cores for geological calibration of high-resolution seismic profiles obtained in 1992 as part of the same project. 2) to obtain short sea-bed gravity cores, targeted at specific structures, and subsequently geochemically analyse subsamples from these for traces of hydrocarbons. Sea-bed samples and cores were collected using Gravity corer, Vibrocorer and Rockdrill. These data are archived by BGS. Technical details of the survey are contained in BGS Technical Report WB/94/20C. Geological and geochemical results are contained in report WB/95/11C. Extra geochemical results are contained in WI/95/14C.

Rockall Consortium (RCK) Sampling Survey 1994/3_RCK: Rockall Boreholes (05/Sept/1994 to 27/Sep/1994)
This sampling survey has been carried out by British Geological Survey (BGS) for BGS, the survey took place in September 1994 in the Rockall Bank/Rockall Trough area on board the MS Bucentaur. The purpose was to collect borehole data as part of the Rockall continental Margin Project. Sample data were collected at seven borehole sites using wireline drilling equipment. These data are archived by BGS. Technical details of the survey are contained in BGS report WB/94/30C.

Rockall Consortium (RCK) Sampling Survey 1999/1_RCK: Rockall boreholes
This sampling survey has been carried out by British Geological Survey (BGS) for the Rockall Consortium, the survey took place from to June-July 1999 in the Hatton and Rockall Banks, west of Shetland, Faroe-Shetland Channel areas on board the MS Bucentaur. The purpose was to collect data as part of the Rockall Consortium to provide an insight into the largely undefined geology of the Hatton Bank and Faeroe Bank area and provide further calibration for seismic data in the west of Shetland area. Sample data (boreholes) were collected using wireline drilling equipment. These data are archived by BGS. Technical details of the survey are contained in BGS report WB/19/16C. Geological details are contained in BGS report WB/99/21C.

Rome PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Rome, Italy. It has been provided by TRE as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland - Aerial Photographs
A collection of aerial photographs providing national coverage supplied to BGS by Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS). The aerial photos bought by BGS were taken during a two year period from 1988-89 and were bought by BGS for individual mapping projects. The photos are a copy of the originals held by the RCAHMS. Since 1976, RCAHMS has undertaken an annual programme of aerial survey, recording archaeological sites, monuments and buildings throughout Scotland. All RCAHMS data is crown copyright. The photos are for internal BGS use but external users are welcome to view them at BGS, an appointment must be made first. An index is provided on the Geoscience Data Index (GDI).

Rubidium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Rubidium (Rb), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Running sand dataset (5km Hex-Grid) version 7
The 5km Hex GS Running Sand dataset shows a generalised view of the GeoSure Running Sand v7 dataset to a hexagonal grid resolution of 64.95km coverage area (side length of 5km). This dataset indicates areas of potential ground movement in a helpful and user-friendly format. The rating is based on a highest level of susceptibility identified within that Hex area: Low (1), Moderate (2), Significant (3). Areas of localised significant rating are also indicated. The summarising process via spatial statistics at this scale may lead to under or over estimation of the extent of a hazard. The supporting GeoSure reports can help inform planning decisions and indicate causes of subsidence. The Running Sand methodology is based on the BGS Digital Map (DiGMapGB-50) and expert knowledge of the behaviour of the formations so defined. This dataset provides an assessment of the potential for a geological deposit to show running sand behaviour under the action of flowing water, a characteristic usually of saturated sand and silt grade material. Complete Great Britain national coverage is available.

Running sand dataset (5km Hex-Grid) version 8
The 5km Hex GS Running Sand dataset shows a generalised view of the GeoSure Running Sand v8 dataset to a hexagonal grid resolution of 64.95km coverage area (side length of 5km). This dataset indicates areas of potential ground movement in a helpful and user-friendly format. The rating is based on a highest level of susceptibility identified within that Hex area: Low (1), Moderate (2), Significant (3). Areas of localised significant rating are also indicated. The summarising process via spatial statistics at this scale may lead to under or over estimation of the extent of a hazard. The supporting GeoSure reports can help inform planning decisions and indicate causes of subsidence. The Running Sand methodology is based on the BGS Digital Map (DiGMapGB-50) and expert knowledge of the behaviour of the formations so defined. This dataset provides an assessment of the potential for a geological deposit to show running sand behaviour under the action of flowing water, a characteristic usually of saturated sand and silt grade material. Complete Great Britain national coverage is available.

Rutile Ages and Compositions, Bhutan (NERC Grant NE/H016279/1)
Samples of high-grade amphibolite-facies gneiss collected from north west Bhutan. Data comprises samples mineral chemistry data, U-Pb rutile data and garnet trace element compositions.

Rybnik_Ostrava PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Rybnik_Ostrava, Poland. It has been provided by GAMMA Remote Sensing as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

S - Soil media (DRASTIC)
S layer represents soil media with direct assignment of S index values (Soil Map of Greece 1:500.000)

S - Soil media (DRASTIC)
S layer represents soil media with direct assignment of S index values for each pedological unit and information from pedological profiles and litho-geochemical map (where no profiles were available). The highest values correspond to lithologies that don't constitute soils or at least very shallow ones (< 30 cm). The lowest values are significant for areas with deeper soil layers (sedimentary rocks).

S - Soil Media (DRASTIC)
The aquifer media layer is created by direct assignment of soil layer to S index values from 1-10. The majority of the pilot area (80 %) is covered by subsoils > 5 m thick, with further 10 % subsoils are > 3 m thick. The majority of the catchment is given the lower ‘S’-ratings due to soil and subsoil cover, with areas of little or no soil given a value of 10.

S - Soil Media (DRASTIC)
The soil media layer is created by direct assignment of soil layer to S index values from 1-10. Rock outcrops frequently and there is little or no subsoil over much of teh catchment. The majority of the catchment is given the higher ‘S’-ratings due to lack of soil and subsoil cover, with areas of little or no soil given a value of 10.

factor S of DRASTIC groundwater vulnerability of Traun-Enns-Platte/AUSTRIA

Soil media, for Sarmatian aquifer in Dobrogea de Sud, Romania

Salt Creek Oil Field: Noble Gas Injection and Recovery Gas Compositions (2010) (NERC Grant NE/F002823/2)
3He and 129Xe were introduced into a CO2 stream that was in injected into the Salt Creek oil field, Wyoming. Samples of the injected CO2 and gas recovered from nearby boreholes were collected and returned for compositional and noble gas isotopic analysis.

Salt structures in the North Sea area
Salt diapirs and salt pillows in the North Sea Area

Salzburg PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Salzburg, Austria. It has been provided by Altamira Information as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Samarium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Samarium (Sm), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Sample list for the SoS RARE project (Security of Supply of Rare Earths) (NERC Grant NE/M01116X/1)
This dataset is an overall sample list, as an Excel spreadsheet, providing details of the major sample suites collected during the SoS RARE project (2015-2017). It includes location details for samples collected in a range of localities worldwide. The samples are chiefly rocks and soils. Most material is still held by the institutions that did the work, as recorded in the sample list. The dataset also includes partial details of work that has been done on the samples. However time constraints have prevented complete update of the spreadsheet and so it is uploaded here to provide the best record possible of the available sample material.

Sample Locations for Thermochronometric Analysis of Recent deformation across the Basin and Range (NERC Grant NE/N015479/1)
Locations of samples collected to constrain the recent activity on normal faults across Nevada. The geological samples will be used to measure the amount of exhumation that different normal faults of the Basin and Range experienced over the last 5 million years. The samples have been collected from granitic rocks that are expected to yield apatite crystals. (Uranium-Thorium)/Helium thermochronometry will be conducted on these samples to determine the cooling history of rocks from temperatures of approximately 70 degrees celsius. The samples are collected across Nevada at locations close to the fault to determine the most recent stages of exhumation. The ranges sampled are the Wassuk Range, White Range, Toiyabe Range, South Egan Range, Schell Range, Wheeler Range, House Range, Wasatch, Deep Greek, Ruby Range, Cortez Range, Humbolt Range, Dixie Valley, and Carson Range. Samples weigh approximately 2kg each. This sample coverage will constrain extension rates across the Basin and Range which is of interest to geologists, geodynamicists, and researchers interested in fault hazard.

Sampling Survey 2014/5_MINIMOUND Belgica Cruise 2014/16: Bay of Biscay (13/Jun/2014 to 23/Jun/2014)
This marine sampling survey 2014/5_MINIMOUND Belgica 2014/16, took place from 13/6/2014 to 23/6/2014 in the Bay of Biscay aboard Research Vessel Belgica. The survey was carried out by the British Geological Survey (BGS), Ghent University and Plymouth University as part of the FWO MINIMOUND project. Seabed samples were collected using British Geological Survey 6m vibrocorer. This archive contains acquisition data as supplied. This is a collaborative survey with Ghent University, Plymouth University and British Geological Survey as part of FWO MINIMOUND project. The aim of the survey was assessment of environmental drivers and anthropogenic impact using cold-water coral mini-mounds as analogue for giant mound growth. The cores will be archived by University of Ghent. Technical details of the survey are contained in RV Belgica Cruise 2014/16 report.

Sampling Survey 2015/3_Minimound 2015/15 Belgica: Bay of Biscay (29/May/2015 to 07/Jun/2015)
This marine sampling survey 2015/3_MINIMOUND Belgica 2015/15, took place from 29/5/2015 to 7/6/2015 in the Bay of Biscay aboard Research Vessel Belgica. The survey was carried out by the British Geological Survey (BGS), Ghent University and Plymouth University as part of the FWO MINIMOUND project. Seabed samples were collected using British Geological Survey 6m vibrocorer. This archive contains acquisition data as supplied. This is a collaborative survey with Ghent University, Plymouth University and British Geological Survey as part of FWO MINIMOUND project. The aim of the survey was assessment of environmental drivers and anthropogenic impact using cold-water coral mini-mounds as analogue for giant mound growth. The cores will be archived by University of Ghent. Technical details of the survey are contained in RV Belgica Cruise 2015/15 report.

Sand and gravel resources assessment records: Scotland.
'Archive' collection of c.3,000 records of the former Industrial Minerals Assessment Unit (IMAU) relating to sand and gravel assessment projects in Scotland, 1978-88. Includes borehole and trial pit records, grading and resource assessment data and aggregate tests.

Santiaguito Volcano 2014-2018 explosion catalogue (NERC Grant NE/P007708/1)
Seismic waveforms from an explosion catalogue from a seismic network at Santiaguito volcano between November 2014 and December 2018. A network of 6 broadband and 6 short-period stations was used to record explosive volcanic activity. Waveforms from 18,895 explosions have been automatically been detected and extracted.

Santo Stefano d'Aveto PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Santo Stefano d'Aveto, Italy. It has been provided by TRE as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Satellite imagery of the UK/World (digital)
**This dataset has been withdrawn and is no longer avaible from BGS** The database contains satellite images of the UK purchased by the BGS or on its behalf by NERC. It includes data from the Lansdat, SPOT, Radarsat and ERS satellites. The images are stored in proprietary format on various types of magnetic media. The data are currently stored by path-row scene numbers and as mosaics on tapes, CDs and drives. Entire UK is covered by the dataset, however, there are gaps in coverage from individual sensors. Coverage exists for countries (or parts of countries) where work has been carried out.

Scales of preservation and root causes of mantle heterogeneities in the Iapetan Ocean convecting upper mantle NERC grant NE/J00457X/1
Although the terrestrial mantle comprises ~80 vol.% of our planet, its compositional architecture is not well understood despite the importance such knowledge holds for constraining Earth's thermal and chemical evolution over ~4.5 billion years of geological time. Our lack of detailed insight into the mantle stems in part from the fact that it is rarely exposed at our planets surface, making direct observation and study difficult. It is clear from recent study, however, that the mantle cannot be assumed to be compositionally homogenous or static over geological time. Peridotites from the ocean basins (abyssal peridotites) and from ophiolites preserve evidence for a convecting upper mantle that is chemically and isotopically heterogeneous at regional (100's km) and small (cm-to-m) scales. Complex formation and alteration upper mantle histories involving processes of melt-depletion, refertilisation (whereby originally refractory residues such as harzburgites become lherzolites again via melt addition) and melt-rock reaction have been held responsible, but the causes, timing and distribution of such processes are poorly resolved. Ophiolites, which represent partially-to-wholly preserved slivers of obducted oceanic mantle, are particularly valuable resources for assessing the timing, causes and extent of mantle heterogeneity, as they allow field-based observation to be coupled with geochemical investigation on otherwise inaccessible mantle material. Furthermore, ophiolites preserve a range of oceanic mantle lithologies (e.g., harzburgites, lherzolite and dunite) and such variation allows detailed assessment of the distribution and relative timing of events acting upon the mantle that is preserved. A distinctive attribute of some ophiolites, which contrasts with abyssal peridotites, is the presence of podiform chromitite seams, typically in the region of the petrological Moho, which are often associated with Platinum-group element mineralization. The timing and genesis of ophiolite podiform chromitites is controversial, but it has been suggested that they represent zones of focused melt channeling in supra-subduction zone settings. The Shetland (UK) and Leka (Norway) supra-subduction zone ophiolites comprise oceanic lithosphere separated at ~620 Ma on either side of a mid-ocean ridge and subsequently obducted over continental crust ~130 Ma later, each on opposite sides of the northern Iapetus Ocean. A pilot study already carried out on the Shetland ophiolite by the PI and Project Partner reveals that it preserves evidence for a complex sequence of melt depletion, percolation and refertilisation events that occurred over the lifetime of the Iapetus mantle. The critical observation made from the pilot dataset is that later mantle events only partially overprint the compositional heterogeneities developed from earlier mantle processes and that the relatively high degrees of partial melting associated with the supra-subduction zone are very effective at generating such heterogeneity. This important observation will be tested in the proposed research by 1) extending the Shetland study to greater levels of detail; 2) inclusion of a comparative study of carefully selected samples from the well-preserved Leka ophiolite; 3) drawing comparisons with existing geochemical and isotopic datasets from ophiolites that formed in other (e.g., mid-ocean ridge) tectonic settings. In order to achieve this, the powerful combination of the Re-Os isotopic system and highly-siderophile element (Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd, Re, Au) abundance measurements will be utilised to discriminate between the processes responsible for generating mantle heterogeneities such as melt depletion, refertilisation and melt-rock reaction. Thus, profound insight will be gained into the chemical evolution of a piece of oceanic mantle and the development of compositional heterogeneity therein, from outcrop to oceanic plate scales, over much of the lifetime of the Iapetus Ocean.

Scandium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Scandium (Sc), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Scanned images of deep mine data
Scanned images of primary Geological Data resulting from deep underground coal exploration and exploitation. Collection of data includes reports, interpretations and records of research in British coalfield areas deposited by the Coal Authority. Data for past and current collieries and for future prospects. The majority of the collection was deposited with the National Geological Records Centre by the Coal Authority in July 2001. The collection includes borehole site plans, borehole logs , analyses and geophysical data etc. A large percentage of this data will eventually be linked to existing collections.

Scanned images of Falkland Islands Mapping
The dataset comprises scanned images of maps and aerial photographs of the Falkland Islands. The original maps are printers films and final paper printed originals of Falkland Islands OS maps, compiled for the Falkland Islands Government and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office by the Overseas Directorate of the Ordnance Survey. The Falkland Islands Government retains copyright interest in the maps. There are no access or usage constraints for BGS staff for BGS purposes. The field slips of geological maps were compiled by BGS under contract to the Falkland Islands Government. Copyright remains with the Falkland Islands Government , but there are no access or usage constraints for BGS staff for BGS purposes. Access to both datasets are restricted to BGS staff.

Scanned images of seismological papers and reports compiled by John Wartnaby
Scanned collection of seismological journals and offprints. The original collection was compiled by John Wartnaby. John Wartnaby was a curator at the Science Museum, London, and wrote a historical survey of seismology and scientific instruments. His accumulated papers consist chiefly of offprints and articles, and many older British Association seismological reports. The collection is part of the National Seismological Archive.

Scanned images of the BGS borehole records collection.
Scanned images of the records of all onshore Great Britain (or near shore) boreholes, trial pits, shafts and wells held in the BGS archives in either paper, microfilm or digital format. The records range from simple single page lithological logs through to hydrocarbon completion reports. Current collection over 1million records with 50,000 new records added per annum. Scanning started in 2002 and is ongoing with new records being scanned and added to the collection.

Scanned images of the BGS collection of large scale geological field maps.
This dataset comprises scanned images of the manuscript geological maps produced by the Survey geologists or other recognised geologists on County Series (1:10560) and National Grid (1:10560 and 1:10000) Ordnance Survey base maps. The collection also includes similar maps compiled from other sources. Currently the dataset contains over 35,000 scanned images. Original maps date from the 1860s, and cover surveys in Great Britain, scanning started in 2003.

Scanned images of the BGS site investigation report collection
Scanned images of the records of onshore Great Britain (or near shore) site investigation reports held in the BGS archives in paper, microfilm or digital format. The entire collections in BGS Edinburgh have been scanned, but in BGS Keyworth currently only new reports received since 2002. Scanning started in 2002 and is ongoing with new records being scanned and added to the collection. Images are stored in TIFF format (Tagged Image File Format). Indexed on the site investigation database and the boreholes within the report, and their images, are associated via the borehole database.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) data from samples collected from sites of lithified artifical ground (Warton, Glengarnock, Derwent Howe, Harrington, Auchendinny, Lynemouth) in Scotland and northwest England (2022-2023) (NERC Grant NE/X009718/1)
This dataset contains SEM data comprising raw data files (.dat) and AZtec file (.oip) for reading the data. The data was collected in 2022-2023. The data was collected for the purpose of visualising spatial textures and microstructures in the collected samples. The data was collected by John MacDonald, Connor Brolly and Robin Hilderman (University of Glasgow) who retain the original data.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microtomography of fluidal pyroclasts (X-ray microtomography) (NERC grant NE/L013932/1)
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microtomography of fluidal pyroclasts (X-ray microtomography). Data are referenced in Clarke et al., 2019: Fluidal pyroclasts reveal the intensity of peralkaline rhyolite pumice cone eruptions; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09947-8.

SCAPE Analytical Concentration/Temperature Model
Grant: SCAPE (UKCCSRC Call 2). This is a Matlab code that calculates the change in internal concentration of CO2 in a building as a cloud of CO2 engulfs the building. The CO2 is assumed to enter through any openings in the building. This Matlab code take a series of inputs including wind speed, building geometry, geometry of external temperature and external CO2 concentration (all inputs are listed in the headers of the spreadsheet ‘inputs.xlsx’) and calculates how the internal CO2 concentration and temperature changes over time and the toxic dose of CO2 received by individuals inside the building. Full details will be given in publication https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102849. File formats: .xlsx and .m

Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) Geophysical and Sampling Survey 2000/3_SAMS: Loch Etive (04/09/2000 to 07/09/2000)
This marine geophysical survey took place in September 2000 in Loch Etive on board the RV Calanus. The British Geological Survey (BGS) carried out the survey on behalf of Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS). Its purpose was to investigate Late Quaternary Sedimentation in a Glacially-Overdeepened Sea Loch. Sub bottom seismic profiling data were gathered using a surface tow boomer. Gravity cores were obtained but none are held by BGS. Technical details of the survey are contained in the Cruise Report. GeoIndex Offshore -

Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) Geophysical Survey 2010/1_SAMS: Loch Linnhe (11/Jan/2010 to 15/Jan/2010)
This marine geophysical survey took place in January 2010 in Loch Linnhe on board the RV Calanus. The survey was carried out by the British Geological Survey (BGS) in collaboration with the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS). A series of short (1.7 - 18km) survey profiles were acquired from Loch Linnhe to provide a better understanding of glacial features observed during a multibeam echosounder survey in February 2009. Sub-seabed seismic profiling data were collected using a Applied Acoustics Surface Tow Boomer. These data are archived by BGS. Paper records were also generated and these are held by SAMS. Technical details of the survey are contained in BGS Commissioned Report CR/10/046 ( http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/528419/). GeoIndex Offshore -

Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) Sampling Survey 2006/4_SAMS: Summer Isles; SAMS (31/Jul/2006 to 09/Aug/2006)
This marine sampling survey took place July/August 2006 in the Summer Isles and adjacent lochs of NW Scotland on board the RV Calanus . The survey was a collaboration of the British Geological Survey (BGS) and the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS). The aim was to groundtruth the swath bathymetric and seismic-reflection data that were acquired in 2005, to further define the marine landscape in the Summer Isles region, with a particular focus on the part played by glaciation and subsequent deglacial sedimentary processes in shaping the sea bed. Seabed samples were collected using a gravity corer and megacorer. Technical details of the survey are contained in BGS Internal Report IR/06/106 ( http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/7414/) and SAMS Report No.24.

Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS)
SCCS is the largest Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) research group in the UK. Our internationally renowned researchers provide connected strength across the full CCS chain. With our unique position SCCS is able to act as the conduit between academia, industry and government. We are able to provide a single point of coordination for all aspects of CCS research ranging from capture engineering and geoscience, to social perceptions and environmental impact, through to law and petroleum economics. SCCS has access to cutting-edge experimental and analytical facilities, expertise in field studies, modelling and simulation, key academic and research personnel to accelerate the development of CO2 transportation, capture and subsurface storage. We undertake strategic fundamental research and are also available for consultancy. In addition, we perform a key role in providing impartial advice to industry, the public sector, government agencies, and policy makers. Founded in 2005, SCCS is a partnership of the British Geological Survey, Heriot-Watt University, the University of Aberdeen, the University of Edinburgh and the University of Strathclyde working together with universities across Scotland. SCCS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (SFC).

Scottish carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS) communications (2005 - 2009)
SCCS presentations, consultations, responses, briefings and communications on CCS and CO2 storage for the period 2005 - 2009

Scottish carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS) communications (2010 - 2014)
SCCS presentations, consultations, responses, briefings and communications on CCS and CO2 storage for the period 2010 - 2014

Scottish carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS) communications (2015 - 2016)
SCCS presentations, consultations, responses, briefings and communications on CCS and CO2 storage for the period 2015 - 2016

Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS) technical briefings, technical letters and technical journal responses (2010 - 2015)
Contains 6 SCCS technical briefings, technical letters and technical journal responses - Working Paper 2010-04: Popular response to Economides, CO2 storage is feasible; Working Paper 2010-05: Formal response to Economides, CO2 storage is feasible; Working Paper 2010-07: Comment on Little and Jackson: Potential Impacts of Leakage from Deep CO2 Geosequestration on Overlying Freshwater Aquifers; Working Paper 2012-01: Comment by Stuart Haszeldine on Zoback and Gorelick; Working Paper 2014-01: Sleipner CO2 securely stored deep beneath seabed, in spite of unexpected Hugin fracture discovery; Working Paper 2015-02: Carbon Dioxide Transport Plans for Carbon Capture and Storage in the North Sea Region - A summary of existing studies and proposals applicable to the development of Projects of Common Interest.

Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS) Working Paper 2009-04: Investigating the prospects for Carbon Capture and Storage technology in India
Technical report (2009) commissioned by Christian Aid and written by researchers from the University of Edinburgh and the University of Surrey. It aims to explore the prospects for carbon capture and storage (CCS) to play a significant role within global action to mitigate the risk of climate change, with a focus on India. Available for download at http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15679.

Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS) Working Paper 2010-03: Benchmarking worldwide CO2 saline aquifer injections
Technical report, component of ‘Progressing Scotland’s CO2 storage opportunities’ 2010. Carbon Capture, Transport and Storage is a very active field of research, especially for the past decade. From the UK perspective, a commercially crucial aspect is the saline aquifer research, since there are predicted to be vast storage capacities in the sedimentary formations of the North Sea. The report reviews the ongoing work on practical injections of CO2 as research tests for storage projects and specifically focuses on industrial sized saline aquifer injections. Available for download at http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15681.

Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS) Working Paper 2010-08: Towards a Public Communication and Engagement Strategy for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Projects in Scotland
Technical report, component of 'Progressing Scotland’s CO2 storage opportunities', 2010. Review of research findings, CCS project experiences, tools, resources and best practices. Available for download at http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16476.

Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS) Working Paper 2011-01: Feasibility Study for Europe-Wide CO2 Infrastructure
Technical report. Ove Arup & Partners Limited (Arup) and their partners Scottish Carbon Capture and Storage (SCCS) were commissioned in December 2009 by the European Commission Directorate-General Energy and Transport (DG-TREN) to undertake a feasibility study for Europe-wide CO2 infrastructures. The purpose of the study was to develop a complete and integrated database of European CO2 sinks and sources and identify the main outline of a CO2 transport infrastructure for different scenarios. Available for download at http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15686.

Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS) Working Paper 2013-04: Briefing: CCS for Industrial Sources of CO2 in Europe
Technical briefing report, August 2013. This briefing summarises the most recent published report addressing the scope for CCS in European industry (ZEP, 2013), adds further information from public sources and gives some new analysis of the implications. Available for download at http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16474.

Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS) Working Paper 2015-03: Assessing interactions between multiple geological CO2 storage sites: generic learning from the CO2MultiStore project
Technical report from CO2MultiStore project, component of ‘Optimising CO2 storage in geological formations: a case study offshore Scotland, September 2015. The report captures knowledge gained from the process, progress and findings of the research that is applicable to the development of any multi-user storage resource. Available for download at http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16475.

Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS) Working Paper 2016-01: Scottish CO2 Hub - A unique opportunity for the United Kingdom
Technical report, January 2016. Development of a Scottish CO2 Hub can unlock the potential for CCS in the UK and Europe by providing early access for CO2 captured in the North Sea Region to extensive, well-characterised storage in the Central North Sea (CNS) at low risk, while creating value through CO2 utilisation. Available for download at http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15700.

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) Multibeam Survey 2010/4_SEPA: Upper Firth of Forth; Forth Bridge to Grangemouth (19/Jul/2010 to 30/Nov/2010)
This marine multibeam Survey took place in July/November 2010 in the Firth of Forth on board the RV White Ribbon. The survey was carried out by the British Geological Survey (BGS) on behalf of Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). Sea floor bathymetry data were collected using a Kongsberg EM3002D multibeam system. These data are archived by BGS.

Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) Multibeam and Geophysical Survey of Arran for SNH 2015/9_SNH: South and East coast of Arran (25/Nov/2015 to 17/Apr/2016)
This marine multibeam and sidescan survey (2015_9_SNH) took place in three phases (25/11/2015 to 03/12/2015, 17-28/02/2016 and 04-17/04/2016) in the area off South and East coast of Arran on board the RV White Ribbon. The survey was carried out by the British Geological Survey (BGS) on behalf of Scottish Natural Heritage/MarineScotland. The aim of the survey was ensonification of 10 areas designated by SNH. Sea floor bathymetry data were collected using a Kongsberg EM3002D multibeam system and dual frequency Sidescan Sonar (100khz, 455khz). These data are archived by BGS. Technical details of the survey are contained in the BGS Report of Survey.

Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) Multibeam Survey 2011/7_SNH: Canna (01/Jul/2011 to 11/Jul/2011)
This marine multibeam survey took place in July 2011 in the area around the Isle of Canna on the west coast of Scotland on board the Northern Lighthouse Board vessel NLV Pole Star. The survey was carried out by the British Geological Survey (BGS) on behalf of Marine Scotland and Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH). Sea floor bathymetry data were collected using a Kongsberg EM3002D multibeam system. These data are archived by BGS. Technical details of the survey are contained in the BGS Report of Survey (OR/11/045), http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/516268/

Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) Multibeam Survey 2011/8_SNH: Moray Firth (09/Aug/2011 to 17/Aug/2011)
This marine multibeam survey took place in August 2011 in the area around Noss Head and the Southern Trench in the Moray Firth on board the Northern Lighthouse Board vessel NLV Pole Star. The survey was carried out by the British Geological Survey (BGS) on behalf of Marine Scotland and Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) for Marine Protected Area (MPAs) related studies. Sea floor bathymetry data were collected using a Kongsberg EM3002D multibeam system. These data are archived by BGS. Technical details of the survey are contained in the Report of Survey.

Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) Multibeam Survey: Loch Alsh, Loch Duich, Long Long, Kyle Rhea (04/Mar/2013 to 17/Mar/2013)
This marine multibeam survey took place in March 2013 within the MPA (Marine Protected Area) proposal area of the Lochs Duich, Long and Alsh and the additional area of the Kyle of Rhea on board the RV White Ribbon. The survey was carried out by the British Geological Survey (BGS) on behalf of Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH). Sea floor bathymetry data were collected using a Kongsberg EM3002D multibeam system. These data are archived by BGS. Technical details of the survey are contained in the BGS Report of Survey CR/13/033.

Scottish water well records
The collection consists of records for c.5000 wells and springs in Scotland mostly lodged by drillers in compliance with the Water Act. These include data on well construction, water yields, water levels, water chemistry and well lithology. The collection is organised on the One-Inch Geological Sheet basis. Catalogues for wells in Central Scotland were published between 1963 and 1969. The BGS Single Onshore Borehole Index (SOBI) provides a partial digital index to the records.

Sea-floor Geology
Within EMODnet Geology, the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) is leading the workpackage “Seafloor Geology” to compile and harmonize the European marine geology map data as detailed as possible for the themes – pre-Quaternary and – Quaternary geology; – geomorphology. These three data layers on Seafloor Geology show the underlying geology from Earths ancient past (more than 2500 Million years ago) to modern Quaternary deposits and geomorphological features. From it we can read the story about Earths Evolution in the European, marine part of our planet Earth, i.e. from the oldest rocks and how they form, to the youngest rocks and geomorphological features representing the most recent geological and environmental changes. Users can find in particular Information on scientifically valuable geological and geomorphological structures, on geological material (lithology), its age (stratigraphy) and its forms (geomorphology) on the seafloor in Europe. This contains information on structures on the seafloor important for geoscience research and investigations of future exploration of mineral and energy resources, but also of biologic resources. It is also a source of knowledge to show features of the seafloor geomorphology valuable for habitats of numerous species (Fishery, tourism). In addition, the layers provides information on the sea floor conditions to plan building infrastructures (such as windparks, or a pipeline or a protection area for endangered species).

Sea-floor Pre-Quaternary Bedrock Geology
Pre-Quaternary -age This web map service shows the chronostratigraphic age of geological units of the seafloor originated earlier than 2,588 Ma from now (pre-Quaternary). International Geological Map of Europe and Adjacent Areas (Asch, 2005). The scale varies between 25,000 and 5 000 000. The data were compiled by BGR from the EMODnet geology partner organisations in the EMODnet Geology project phases I, II and III between 2009 and 2019. Pre-Quaternary -lithology This web map service shows the rock type (lithology) of geological units of the seafloor originated earlier than 2,588 Ma from now (pre-Quaternary). International Geological Map of Europe and Adjacent Areas (Asch, 2005). The scale varies between 25 000 and 5 000 000. The data were compiled by BGR from the EMODnet geology partner organisations in the EMODnet Geology project phases I, II and III between 2009 and 2019. The scale varies between 25 000 and 5 000 000.

Sea-floor Pre-quaternary Faults
This web map service shows faults and structures of geological units of the seafloor originated earlier than 2,588 Ma from now (pre-Quaternary). The data were compiled by BGR from the EMODnet geology partner organisations in the EMODnet Geology project phases I, II and III between 2009 and 2019 and the International Geological Map of Europe and Adjacent Areas (Asch, 2005). The scale varies between 1:200 000 and 1:5 000 000

Sea-floor Quaternary Geology
Quaternary –age This web map service shows the chronostratigraphic age of geological units of the seafloor originated in the Quaternary period (i.e. 2,588 Ma from now until today). The data were compiled by BGR from the EMODnet geology partner organisations in the EMODnet Geology project phases II and III between 2009 and 2019. The scale varies between 20 000 and 2 500 000. Quaternary -lithology This web map service shows the rock type (lithology) of geological units of the seafloor originated in the Quaternary period (i.e. 2,588 Ma from now until today). The data were compiled by BGR from the EMODnet geology partner organisations in the EMODnet Geology project phases I, II and III between 2009 and 2019.

sea floor geomorphology
The data were compiled by BGR from the EMODnet geology partner organisations in the EMODnet Geology project between 2017 and 2021.The scale varies between 10 000 and 5 000 000.

Sea Level Index Point
Primary and Secondary Sea Level Index Points. Where information is available on the genesis of the index point it is given. Chronological information is presented as calendar age BP. Confidence is defined as follows: 1. High: Sampled feature with good age and palaeoenvironmental control. 2. Sampled feature with poor or none age and palaeoenvironmental control. 3. Constructed by remote sensing data only, 4. Low: Reasonable without any direct evidence

Seabed Substrates
The EMODnet (European Marine Observation and Data network) Geology project collects and harmonizes marine geological data from the European sea areas to support decision making and sustainable marine spatial planning. The project partnership consists mainly of the marine departments of the geological surveys of Europe (through the Association of European Geological Surveys-EuroGeoSurveys), which have assembled marine geological information at various scales from all European sea areas (e.g., the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Barents Sea, the Iberian Coast, and the Mediterranean Sea within EU waters), the Caspian Sea and the Caribbean Sea. EMODnet seabed substrate data products include datasets at 1:1 000 000, 1:250 000, 1:100 000 and high-resolution scales (1:1 500, 1:5 000, 1:10 000, 1:15 000, 1:20 000, 1:25 000, 1:30 000, 1:45 000, 1: 50 000, 1:60 000, 1:70 000). Traditionally, European countries have conducted their marine geological surveys according to their own national standards and classified substrates on the grounds of their national classification schemes. These national classifications are harmonised into a shared EMODnet schema using Folk's sediment triangle with a hierarchy of 16, 7 and 5 substrate classes. The data describes the seabed substrate from the uppermost 30 cm of the sediment column. The datasets have been compiled at different scales from background information that depends on the original producer. In cases, the data has been generalized into a target scales. Coarser scale data (1M, 250k and 100k) describes the seabed substrate at a general level only and is not suitable for a detailed analysis. High-resolution material includes multiple scales from 1:1 500 to 1:70 000 and the user should assess its suitability for the intended purpose. The smallest cartographic unit within the data is about 4 km2 at 1:1M, 0,3km2 at 1:250k and 0,05km2 at 1:100k scale. Further information about the EMODnet Geology project is available on the centralized EMODnet portal https://emodnet.ec.europa.eu/en/geology

Seabed Substrates 1:100k
The EMODnet (European Marine Observation and Data network) Geology project ( http://www.emodnet-geology.eu/) collects and harmonises marine geological data from the European sea areas to support decisionmaking and sustainable marine spatial planning. The partnership includes 39 marine organizations from 30 countries. The partners, mainly from the marine departments of the geological surveys of Europe (through the Association of European Geological Surveys- EuroGeoSurveys), have assembled marine geological information at various scales from all European sea areas (e.g. the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Barents Sea, the Iberian Coast, and the Mediterranean Sea within EU waters). This data includes the EMODnet seabed substrate map at a scale of 1:100 000 from the European marine areas. Traditionally, European countries have conducted their marine geological surveys according to their own national standards and classified substrates on the grounds of their national classification schemes. These national classifications are harmonised into a shared EMODnet schema using Folk's sediment triangle with a hierarchy of 16, 7 and 5 substrate classes. The data describes the seabed substrate from the uppermost 30 cm of the sediment column. In cases the data has been generalised into a target scale (1:100 000). The smallest cartographic unit within the data is about 0.05 km2 (5 hectares).

Seabed Substrates 1:1M
The EMODnet (European Marine Observation and Data network) Geology project collects and harmonizes marine geological data from the European sea areas to support decisionmaking and sustainable marine spatial planning. The partnership includes 39 marine organizations from 30 countries. The partners, mainly from the marine departments of the geological surveys of Europe (through the Association of European Geological Surveys-EuroGeoSurveys), have assembled marine geological information at a scale of 1:1 000 000 from all European sea areas (e.g. the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Barents Sea, the Iberian Coast, and the Mediterranean Sea within EU waters). This data includes the EMODnet seabed substrate map at a scale of 1:1 000 000 from the European marine areas. Traditionally, European countries have conducted their marine geological surveys according to their own national standards and classified substrates on the grounds of their national classification schemes. These national classifications are harmonized into a shared EMODnet schema using Folk's sediment triangle with a hierarchy of 16, 7 and 5 substrate classes. The data describes the seabed substrate from the uppermost 30 cm of the sediment column. In cases, the data has been generalized into a target scale (1:1 000 000). The smallest cartographic unit within the data is 4 km2.

Seabed Substrates 1:250k
The EMODnet (European Marine Observation and Data network) Geology project collects and harmonizes marine geological data from the European sea areas to support decision- making and sustainable marine spatial planning. The partnership includes 39 marine organizations from 30 countries. The partners, mainly from the marine departments of the geological surveys of Europe (through the Association of European Geological Surveys-EuroGeoSurveys), have assembled marine geological information at a scale of 1:250 000 from all European sea areas (e.g. the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Barents Sea, the Iberian Coast, and the Mediterranean Sea within EU waters). This data includes the EMODnet seabed substrate map at a scale of 1:250 000 from the European marine areas. Traditionally, European countries have conducted their marine geological surveys according to their own national standards and classified substrates on the grounds of their national classification schemes. These national classifications are harmonized into a shared EMODnet schema using Folk's sediment triangle with a hierarchy of 16, 7 and 5 substrate classes. The data describes the seabed substrate from the uppermost 30 cm of the sediment column. In cases, the data has been generalized into a target scale (1:250 000). The smallest cartographic unit within the data is 0.3 km2 (30 hectares).

The EMODnet (European Marine Observation and Data network) Geology project collects and harmonizes marine geological data from the European sea areas to support decision making and sustainable marine spatial planning. The partnership includes 39 marine organizations from 30 countries. The partners, mainly from the marine departments of the geological surveys of Europe (through the Association of European Geological Surveys-EuroGeoSurveys), have assembled marine geological information at various scales from all European sea areas (e.g. the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Barents Sea, the Iberian Coast, and the Mediterranean Sea within EU waters). This dataset includes EMODnet seabed substrate maps at a scale of 1:10 000 from the European marine areas. Traditionally, European countries have conducted their marine geological surveys according to their own national standards and classified substrates on the grounds of their national classification schemes. These national classifications are harmonised into a shared EMODnet schema using Folk's sediment triangle with a hierarchy of 16, 7 and 5 substrate classes. The data describes the seabed substrate from the uppermost 30 cm of the sediment column.

The EMODnet (European Marine Observation and Data network) Geology project collects and harmonizes marine geological data from the European sea areas to support decision making and sustainable marine spatial planning. The partnership includes 39 marine organizations from 30 countries. The partners, mainly from the marine departments of the geological surveys of Europe (through the Association of European Geological Surveys-EuroGeoSurveys), have assembled marine geological information at various scales from all European sea areas (e.g. the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Barents Sea, the Iberian Coast, and the Mediterranean Sea within EU waters). This dataset includes EMODnet seabed substrate maps at a scale of 1:15 000 from the European marine areas. Traditionally, European countries have conducted their marine geological surveys according to their own national standards and classified substrates on the grounds of their national classification schemes. These national classifications are harmonised into a shared EMODnet schema using Folk's sediment triangle with a hierarchy of 16, 7 and 5 substrate classes. The data describes the seabed substrate from the uppermost 30 cm of the sediment column.

The EMODnet (European Marine Observation and Data network) Geology project collects and harmonizes marine geological data from the European sea areas to support decision making and sustainable marine spatial planning. The partnership includes 39 marine organizations from 30 countries. The partners, mainly from the marine departments of the geological surveys of Europe (through the Association of European Geological Surveys-EuroGeoSurveys), have assembled marine geological information at various scales from all European sea areas (e.g. the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Barents Sea, the Iberian Coast, and the Mediterranean Sea within EU waters). This dataset includes EMODnet seabed substrate maps at a scale of 1:1 500 from the European marine areas. Traditionally, European countries have conducted their marine geological surveys according to their own national standards and classified substrates on the grounds of their national classification schemes. These national classifications are harmonised into a shared EMODnet schema using Folk's sediment triangle with a hierarchy of 16, 7 and 5 substrate classes. The data describes the seabed substrate from the uppermost 30 cm of the sediment column

The EMODnet (European Marine Observation and Data network) Geology project collects and harmonizes marine geological data from the European sea areas to support decision making and sustainable marine spatial planning. The partnership includes 39 marine organizations from 30 countries. The partners, mainly from the marine departments of the geological surveys of Europe (through the Association of European Geological Surveys-EuroGeoSurveys), have assembled marine geological information at various scales from all European sea areas (e.g. the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Barents Sea, the Iberian Coast, and the Mediterranean Sea within EU waters). This dataset includes EMODnet seabed substrate maps at a scale of 1:20 000 from the European marine areas. Traditionally, European countries have conducted their marine geological surveys according to their own national standards and classified substrates on the grounds of their national classification schemes. These national classifications are harmonised into a shared EMODnet schema using Folk's sediment triangle with a hierarchy of 16, 7 and 5 substrate classes. The data describes the seabed substrate from the uppermost 30 cm of the sediment column.

Seafloor features that are indicators for fluid flow. Represented as points

Seafloor features that are indicators for fluid flow. Represented as polygons

Seafloor temperature. Point data.
Measurements of temperature and salinity at the seafloor. Data are represented as points.

Sediment data from IODP Expedition 363 (NERC grant NE/P016456/1)
Sediment % coarse fraction (>63 microns), and abundance of fish teeth in coarse fraction. 2016 has been a record breaking year in terms of global temperatures. The high temperatures have resulted from a combination of elevated atmospheric pCO2 coupled with the global impacts of a strong El Nino event. There are many important components of the climate system, and the El Nino phenomenon demonstrates the importance of the low latitude Pacific Ocean. The warm pool of water in the western Pacific Ocean has not always had the same characteristics as it has today, and it has been proposed that its evolution over the past 15 million years has had a major impact on global climate. In order to understand how the warm pool might respond to future climate change, it is important to understand the drivers behind its past evolution. Did it respond simply to the changing shape of ocean basins through time? Or did it respond to other components of the climate system, such as sea level or latitudinal temperature gradients? The changes in warm pool structure may also have impacted the biological ecosystems, and hence the cycling of carbon in this region. The carbon cycle is another key component of the Earth's climate system. Understanding the causes and consequences of these long-term changes in the Pacific warm pool requires a two-pronged approach, using modelling in conjunction with proxy records for different parts of the climate system. This proposal aims to generate some key records of past high latitude temperature and ice volume that can be directly compared with changes in the warm pool through time. These records will be derived from geochemical analyses of microscopic marine fossils collected by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP).

Sediment signatures of the 25 December 2016 Chile earthquake (NERC grant NE/R00210X/1)
Data relates to the NERC Urgency Grant NE/R00210X/1 which focusses on Sediment signatures of the 25 December 2016 Chile earthquake to constrain detection limits of tidal marsh records. The documentation provides an overview of findings from two field seasons to the southern coast of Isla de Chiloé, Chile, including field observations, sediment samples and surface vegetation surveys. The research locations for diatom analyses are Ayentema, Asasao, Inio and Quilanlar, southern Chiloé, Chile. Field season 1 (excluding travel dates): 2-9 August 2017 Field season 2 (excluding travel dates): 6-16 October 2017 Diatom data collection: through to 30 June 2018

Sedimentation Rates
Sedimentation rates are part of EMODnet (European Marine Observation and Data network) Geology, Work Package 3 (WP3) Seabed substrate. The objective of WP3 is to compile all available seabed substrate information on a scale of 1:100 000 or finer from all European marine areas, and to update sedimentation rate data collected in the previous phases. WP3 has compiled and harmonized available information on the rate of sedimentation on the seafloor. The information on sedimentation rates for recent sediments is presented as point-source information. Estimations of modern sedimentation rates (centimetres/year) can be based e.g. on established historical records of anthropogenic radionuclides (e.g. 137Cs and 241Am), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead (Pb) and stable lead isotope (206/207Pb ratios). Sedimentation rate estimations can be based also on varve/laminae counting, radionuclide 210Pb and 14C decay dating methods. In addition stratigraphic marker horizons, like in the Baltic Sea, horizons formed by documented Major Baltic Inflow (MBIs) events (Moros et al. 2017), can be used in the estimations. Project partners have delivered information on sedimentation rates available in their national waters including their EEZ. The focus is on the present-day sedimentation rates. That means sediment accumulation to the seabed over the past decades, since AD 1900 or so.

Seismic (seismic profiles, check-shooting)
ArcGIS Server service displays state-funded seismic profiles measured in the Czech Republic in 1971-1994.

Seismic Catalog for Corbetti Volcano, Ethiopia (NERC grant NE/L013932/1)
This dataset contains the locations and other pertinent information for 122 well-constrained seismic events that occurred on or near Corbetti between February 2016 and September 2017. These locations were derived from data collected on 37 broadband seismometers deployed as part of the RiftVolc project. The data were originally published in Lavayssière, A., et al. "Local seismicity near the actively deforming Corbetti volcano in the Main Ethiopian Rift." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.06.008

Seismic data and velocity models supporting Bentham et al., 2018, 'Investigating the use of 3-D full-waveform inversion to characterize the host rock at a geological disposal site (NERC grant NE/L000423/1)
Data deposited are connected to paper "Investigating the use of 3-D full-waveform inversion to characterize the host rock at a geological disposal site" by H.L.M. Bentham, J.V. Morgan and D.A. Angus, in Geophysical Journal International, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy386. The geological model consists of fractured granite host rock (depth: 800 - 1200 m) with an Excavated disturbed Zone (EdZ) that could be formed through constructing the tunnels. In addition to the host rock, the model contains sedimentary overburden (depth: 0 - 800 m) and a fractured granite bed rock (depth: 1200 - 2000 m). Seismic velocities and rock properties were assigned through analogues e.g. Olkiluoto, Finland. Full data description and method found in Bentham et al. (2018). Data deposited are for Case 1 (no tunnels) and Case 3 (with multiple tunnels). For each case, the following 3D volumes are available: * Seismic data * True velocity model (used to generate seismic data) * Starting velocity model for full-waveform inversion Additionally, the following ASCII files are available to aid the use of the seismic and velocity models: * Locations of sources at surface (Case 1, 2 and 3 except where survey area is reduced [see GJI article]) * Locations of receivers at surface and below tunnels (Case 1, 2 and 3) * Locations of receiver at surface and above and below tunnels (Case 3 only)

Seismic Data Archive for the Unsettled Earth Project, Bristol, England, UK
This dataset contains broadband seismic data collected between May 2018 and January 2019 as part of the Unsettled Earth project funded by the University of Bristol's Brigstow Institute. The seismic station was deployed in one of the turrets of the Wills Memorial Building Tower, Bristol.

Seismic data from deployments around Askja, Iceland (NERC grant NE/H025006/1)
This is continuous raw data from 3-component broad-band (30 sec to 100 Hz) Guralp 6TD seismometer deployments around Askja in the central region of Iceland.

Seismic data from volcano observatories and from laboratory experiments (NERC grant NE/H02297X/1)
Seismic data from volcano observatories and from laboratory experiments, plus description of novel methods of data analysis and synchronization. 6 papers - Library for volcanology and rock physics data analysis; An innovative platform to allow collaborative research in rock physics and volcanology; Trends in the aggregated rate of pre-eruptive seismicity at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii; Convergence of the frequency-size distribution of global earthquakes; Method for predictability of volcanic eruptions from monitored seismic data and; Evaluation of the failure forecasting model for volcanic eruptions.

Seismic first breaks for Syczyn seismic survey
The dataset contains condensed results of seismic refraction survey, that can be regarded as “hard data”. Data files Syczyn-1_P.ASC and Syczyn-1_S.ASC represents tables obtained for line Syczyn-1, wave P and wave S respectively; Data files Syczyn-2_P.ASC and Syczyn-2_S.ASC represents tables obtained for line Syczyn-1, wave P and wave S respectively. Each file contains 4 columns: Record No. – sequential record identifier; Source location – distance from the beginning of the line to the (current) source point (in meters); Receiver location – distance from the beginning of the line to the given receiver (in meters); First Break – delay time between emission of the wave to its arrival at the given receiver point (seconds). Dataset is formatted in simple table, that can be imported to other seismic software for modelling velocity field. Different computing algorithms generate slightly different velocity models, so it can be useful to have hard data for comparison.

Seismic Line Index (SLI).
The Seismic Line Index database stores summary administrative information about the collection of printed seismic sections, Original Seismic Sections dataset (ORIGSEISECS). This includes: details of data ownership or source, date of acquisition, purpose of survey, confidentiality, media, survey acquisition and processing parameters, and storage location in BGS. Almost all data are within the UK Onshore area; although there are some UK near-shore and offshore (North Sea, Irish Sea) and foreign data. Most data were acquired for commercial hydrocarbon exploration and subsequently provided to BGS for use on specific projects. Some data were acquired by BGS and other public-sector bodies, e.g. BIRPS (British Institutes Reflection Profiling Syndicate), for academic research. There is also scope to add relevant information about the data held in Copy Seismic Sections (COPYSEISECS) and Original Seismic Shotpoint Location Maps (ORIGSPMAPS) datasets.

Seismic Lines in Denmark
This dataset contains seismic line locations in Denmark. It was creatred for demonstration purposes in the EGDI-Bridge project from a selected dataset provided by GEUS. Seismic metadata from the GERDA database is converted to INSPIRE features by using the ALFA geoscience information system of MFGI.

Seismic lines in the North-West Europe from DGE-ROLLOUT project
Public seismic profiles in the DGE-ROLLOUT project area. The raw data are accessible on request to national Geological Surveys of France (BRGM), Netherlands (TNO), Germany (GD-NRW), Belgium (GSB) or to Technical University of Darmstadt for the Upper Rhine Graben.

Seismic lines in the Upper Rhine Graben
Public seismic profiles of the DGE-ROLLOUT project in the Upper Rhine Graben. The raw data are accessible on request to national Geological Surveys of France (BRGM), Netherlands (TNO), Germany (GD-NRW), Belgium (GSB) or to Technical University of Darmstadt for the Upper Rhine Graben.

Seismic locations and sections database
The Seismic Locations and Sections database (LOCSEC) stores digitised seismic reflection survey location and line-interpretation data. Supplementary data stored includes map projection information and rock-unit seismic velocity data. The data are grouped by interpretation project area. Location data are input from digitised seismic shotpoint (SP) or common depth point (CDP) maps, or from direct input of digital navigation data. [See: Original Seismic Shotpoint Location Maps (ORIGSPMAPS) and Digital Seismic Shotpoint Location Maps (DIGSPMAPS) datasets]. Line-interpretation data are input from digitised pick-lines on manually interpreted printed seismic sections. [See: Copy Seismic Sections dataset (COPYSEISECS)]. In-house software is used for data management and display, to perform interpretation related tasks, e.g. depth-conversion, and to merge data into X, Y, Z form for input to 3D mapping and modelling packages such as EarthVision. Data in LOCSEC may also be related to the borehole interpretations held in the Stratigraphic Surfaces Database (SSD). Almost all data are within the UK Onshore area; although there are some UK near-shore and offshore (North Sea, Irish Sea) and foreign data. Most data were acquired for commercial hydrocarbon exploration and subsequently provided to BGS for use on specific projects. Some data were acquired by BGS and other public-sector bodies, e.g. BIRPS, for academic research.

Seismic network of mobile stations MOBNET
Digital records of seismic stations of network MOBNET. The network consists of sixty mobile seismic stations which are deployed on the territory of the Czech Republic and in Europe for a limited time period in the frame of international scientific projects. Stations are operated by the Institute of Geophysics CAS.

Seismic profiles
This database (SDE) contains state-paid seismic profiles measured in the Czech Republic. Reflection seismic profiles, digitaly registrated, are stored in the SEGY format.The database of this type of profiles contains about 1,000 items. Information about refraction seismic, deep seismic profilling and analogue registred reflection seismic can be found in CGS archieve reports (AGGI).

Seismic profiles – INSPIRE harmonized (theme Geology)
This database contains state-paid seismic profiles measured in the Czech Republic. The layer has been transformed according to the INSPIRE data specification for the Geoph Profile object from the Geophysics application scheme.

Seismic profiles – INSPIRE download service (theme Geology)
Download service (ATOM feed) displaying the Seismic profiles dataset that has been harmonized to be INSPIRE-compliant.

Seismic profiles – INSPIRE view service (theme Geology)
INSPIRE View service displays state-funded reflection seismic profiles measured in the Czech Republic.

Seismic station Prague - historical records
Historical seismograms from Prague seismic station. Non-continuous data stored on paper records since 1927 to the 1990s.

Seismic station Prague - modern records
The Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of Charles University, in cooperation with the University of Patras, operates since 1997 a network of seismographs in western Greece, which are the part of the Greek seismic network (HUSN).

Seismicity of the Bora - Tullu-Moye volcanic field, Ethiopia: 2016-2017 dataset (NERC grant NE/L013932/1)
This data set characterises the seismicity occurring within 30 km of the Bora - Tullu-Moye volcanic field between 2016 and 2017. It also provides a description of key geologic features in this region. See the README file for a full explanation of the data set. These data were originally published as supplementary material in g-cubed article: Seismicity of the Bora – Tullu-Moye Volcanic field 2016-2017: Greenfield et al (2018), https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GC007648

Seismotectonic Map of the Republic of Srpska
The Seismotectonic Map of the Republic of Srpska 1:300 000 represents an integration of geological, tectonic, seismotectonic and geophysical data on possible earthquake sources. The map is a compilation of all available data and the results of the previous basic and regional geological, seismological and geophysical research and explorations in the teritory of the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the region. The knowledge of seismotectonic characteristics of the region enables the characterization of seismic sources and thus the preparation of a reliable seismic hazard map - a seismological map. The Seismotectonic Map is prepared using the GIS software package. Druing the preparation, the data basis, which is a component of the Geological Information System of the Republic of Srpska, had been created. The Earthquakes' Epicentre Map and the Surface Rupture Map are prepared as the components of the Seismotectonic Map.

Selenium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Selenium (Se), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

SEM images and photomicrographs of studied samples (NERC grant NE/N001966/1)
The files contain backscattered (BSE) SEM images and photomicrographs of studied samples form Vanua Lava, Vanuatu (New Hebrides). The samples are mantle xenolith found in situ in lava boulders.

Sequence alignments and resulting phylogenetic hypotheses (NERC grant NE/J022632/1)
Data derived from NERC Grant NE/J022632/1, Sequence alignments and resulting phylogenetic hypotheses from Harrington et al. (2016) BMC Evolutionary Biology.

Service-Mineral Resources (Industrial Minerals and Rocks) in Spain-INSPIRE download service harmonized for Minerals4EU
WFS service provides access to basic information related to the mining operations (both abandoned or operating continuously or intermittently) and minerals occurrences of industrial minerals and rocks. Service was created in the framework of the Minerals4EU project and its harmonizated according to the INSPIRE requeriments-

Service for Geological 3D Models
The service presents a map overview of models in EGDI3D Geological Model Database. From each mapped area, a link is provided to a preview of the model.

Service of visualization (WMS) of the Geological Map of the South Portughese Zone . Scale 1/400.000. 2020 edition
Geological map of the South Portuguese Zone, at a scale of 1/400,000, in which the geological legend on both sides of the border has been harmonized, with unified criteria between Spain and Portugal. This cartography is a product resulting from the GEO_FPI project: GEO_FPI: cross-border observatory for the geo-economic evaluation of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) within the program INTERREG V-A Spain– Portugal (POCTEP) 2014-2020. The main beneficiary of the project is the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME) . Additionally, the General Directorate of Industry, Energy and Mines of the Ministry of Employment, Enterprise and Commerce of the Andalusian Government (JA) and the Portuguese National Laboratory for Energy and Geology (LNEG) and the Municipal Chamber of Aljustrel (CMA) are partners of the project.

Service of visualization (WMS) of the Map of Map of rocks and industrial minerals of the South Portuguese Zone. Scale 1/400.000. 2020 edition.
Rocks and industrial minerals map in the South Portuguese Zone, on a scale of 1/400,000, which, on a harmonised geological basis, with unified criteria between Spain and Portugal, has represented the main exploitations and indications of rocks and industrial minerals in the area, indicating their state (active, abandoned or intermittent), size, use and substance. This cartography is a product of the project GEO_FPI: Cross-border Observatory for the geo-economic exploitation of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, co-financed by ERDF funds through the INTERREG POCTEP 2014-2020 territorial cooperation programme. The main beneficiary of the project is the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME). The partnership for this project includes the Directorate-General for Industry, Energy and Mines of the Ministry of Finance, Industry and Energy of the Andalusian Regional Government (DGIEM), the National Laboratory of Energy and Geology, I.P. (LNEG) and the Municipal Chamber of Aljustrel (CMA).

Service of visualization (WMS) of the Map of the Karst of Spain in scale 1:1.000.000
Service of visualization of the Map of the Karst in Spain on a scale 1:1.000.000, which gathers the different 'karstifiable' lithologies indicating their type (carbonates, gypsums and detritus), and the intensity of karstification in each one of the zones. Also included are caves, poles, outcrops and other hydrogeological and geomorphological entities linked to karstification processes.

Service of visualization (WMS) of the Metalogenetic map of the South Portuguese area. Scale 1/400.000. 2020 edition
Metallogenic map of the South Portuguese Zone at a scale of 1 / 400,000, in which on the harmonized geological basis, with unified criteria between Spain and Portugal, the main metallic mineral occurrences located in the area have been represented, indicating their magnitude, substance and morphology. This cartography is a product resulting from the GEO_FPI project: GEO_FPI: cross-border observatory for the geo-economic evaluation of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) within the program INTERREG V-A Spain– Portugal (POCTEP) 2014-2020. The main beneficiary of the project is the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME). Additionally, the General Directorate of Industry, Energy and Mines of the Ministry of Employment, Enterprise and Commerce of the Andalusian Government (JA) and the Portuguese National Laboratory for Energy and Geology (LNEG) and the Municipal Chamber of Aljustrel (CMA) are partners of the project.

Service of visualization (WMS) of the Tectonic Map of Spain at a scale of 1:1,000,000.
Visualisation service of the Tectonic Map in Spain at a scale of 1:1,000,000, of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands that identifies the major structural elements of the Earth's crust, and records the Earth's dynamism in the past.

The OCG WMS Service showing the Geology of Italy at 1:500.000 scale is based on the digitization of the Geological Map of Italy at the same scale published during the 1970's and 1980's by the Geological Survey of Italy. The layers available are: Chronostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy and lithology.

Shallow gas expressions offshore Netherlands - Results from the Fault Seal Controls on Aquifer CO2 Storage Project - poster at UKCCSRC biannual meeting, Cardiff
The data consists of a poster presented at the UKCCSRC biannual meeting in Cardiff, September 10-11th 2014. The poster describes work carried-out on behalf of the 'Fault seal controls on CO2 storage capacity in aquifers' project funded by the UKCCS Research Centre, grant number UKCCSRC-C1-14. Shallow gas accumulations in the Netherlands sector of the Southern North Sea provide an opportunity to study their coincidence with faulting. Although difficult to attribute the occurrence of shallow gas to leakage of thermogenic fluids from depth (indeed shallow-sourced biogenic gas is common in the North Sea), evidence suggests a relationship, and the common attributes of the faults provide indications of the conditions under which faults in the region may leak, providing a useful indications of factors that should be avoided during CO2 storage operations.

Shallow Gas Offshore Netherlands - The Role of Faulting and Implications for CO2 Storage - extended abstract 4th International Conference on Fault and Top seal
The data consists of an extended abstract submitted to 'The Fourth International Conference on Fault and Top Seals', Almeria, Spain, 20-24th September 2015. The abstract describes work carried-out on behalf of the 'Fault seal controls on CO2 storage capacity in aquifers' project funded by the UKCCS Research Centre, grant number UKCCSRC-C1-14. The CO2-rich St. Johns Dome reservoir in Arizona provides a useful analogue for leaking CO2 storage sites, and the abstract describes an analysis of the fault-seal behaviour at the site.

Shallow Gas Offshore Netherlands - The Role of Faulting and Implications for CO2 Storage - poster at 4th International Conference on Fault and Top Seals
The data consists of a poster presented at 'The Fourth International Conference on Fault and Top Seals', Almeria, Spain, 20-24th September 2015. The abstract describes work carried-out on behalf of the 'Fault seal controls on CO2 storage capacity in aquifers' project funded by the UKCCS Research Centre, grant number UKCCSRC-C1-14. Shallow gas accumulations in the Netherlands sector of the Southern North Sea provide an opportunity to study their coincidence with faulting. Although difficult to attribute the occurrence of shallow gas to leakage of thermogenic fluids from depth (indeed shallow-sourced biogenic gas is common in the North Sea), evidence suggests a relationship, and the common attributes of the faults provide indications of the conditions under which faults in the region may leak, providing a useful indications of factors that should be avoided during CO2 storage operations.

Shallow geothermal energy systems
Installations that enable the use of the energy stored underground in a depth of up to 300 to 400 meters

ShapeCalc - 2D-3D shape projection tool and underlying database of 2D width/length distributions
ShapeCalc is an Excel-based tool that uses 2D crystal intersection widths and lengths to estimate 3D crystal shape. ShapeCalc provides 3D (S:I:L) shape estimates for 2D width-length (w-l) input data. Best estimates are found by comparing the sample w/l distribution with 2618 model w/l distributions covering shapes from 1:1:1 to 1:20:20. Model w/l distributions are obtained by 20000 random sections of a given model shape using the CSDCorrections algorithm (Higgins, 2000). For each model shape, the 20000 w/l datapoints are binned into 25 bins with w/l increments of 0.04. Binned distributions for all 2618 models are stored in the database tab. Compared to existing 2D-to-3D projection tools, ShapeCalc offers more robust constraints in 3D crystal shape (including uncertainty estimates) for a wider range of naturally occurring crystal shapes. ShapeCalc is described and published, with open access; Mangler, M.F., Humphreys, M.C.S., Wadsworth, F.B. et al. Variation of plagioclase shape with size in intermediate magmas: a window into incipient plagioclase crystallisation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 177, 64 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01922-9

Sharpening the U-Th Chronometer through technical developments and community implementation (NERC Grant NE/I013814/1)
This dataset comprises a series of six .xls workbooks which contain the data auxiliary material for the manuscript "Metrology and Traceability of U-Pb Isotope Dilution Geochronology (EARTHTIME Tracer Calibration Part I)" by Daniel Condon, Blair Schoene, Noah McLean, Samuel Bowring and Randall Parrish, submitted to Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (June 2014). These data comprise the input measurement data for the EARTHTIME U-Pb Tracer Calibration experiment, the results of which are documented in the manuscript mentioned above. This data set contains isotope ratio data for the manuscript listed above. ts01.xls Amelin and Davis (2006) Pb reference material isotope ratio data ts02.xls CRM 115 U isotope ratio data ts03.xls Gravimetric-Tracer mixture isotope ratio data ts04.xls GDMS elemental concentration data ts05.xls Tracer-blank Pb isotope ratio data ts06.xls U critical mixture isotope ratio data. Link to Published Paper - Metrology and Traceability of U-Pb Isotope Dilution Geochronology (EARTHTIME Tracer Calibration Part I) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.05.026

Shear-wave splitting Topography at Kilauea (STAK) (NERC grant NE/S009043/1)
The data is from four three-component broadband seismometers deployed along the lower east rift zone during the 2018 Kilauea eruption for four months. The instruments were deployed towards the end of July before the eruption ceased, and were placed in locations that would complement the existing USGS seismic network.

shinylight, a light-weight R package to create rich web applications (NERC Grant NE/T001518/1)
The code base for IsoplotR’s graphical user interface (GUI) and its core data processing algorithms are surgically separated from each other. The command-line functionality is grouped in a lightweight package called IsoplotR, which has minimal dependencies and works on a basic R installation. It only uses commands that have been part of the R programming language for many decades and are unlikely to change in the future. In contrast, the GUI is written in html and Javascript and interacts with IsoplotR via an interface library. This interface is currently provided by the shiny package. shiny is free, open, and popular among R developers but has two important limitations: (1) it was created and is owned by a private company, which reduces the software’s future proofness; (2) shiny is a rather ‘bloated’ piece of code that does much more than is needed for IsoplotRgui. To avoid these issues, shinylight is a light-weight alternative to shiny that allows websites to call R functions in a similar fashion to the way in which node.js allows websites to use Javascript as a server language. Shinylight has been integrated in IsoplotRgui and all future software deliverables of the ‘Beyond Isoplot’ project, including the upcoming 'simplex' program for SIMS data processing.

Ship data from Tasman and Coral Seas 2019 (NERC Grant NE/S01067X/1)
These data are derived from a voyage on Australia’s R/V Investigator, IN2019_v04, ‘Hotspot dynamics in the Coral Sea: connections between the Australian plate and the deep Earth’. The voyage surveyed the Tasmantid and Lord Howe Seamounts in the Tasman and Coral Seas, together with the Louisiade Plateau in the Coral Sea, sailing from Cairns on 7 Aug 2019 and arriving in Brisbane on 3 Sep 2019. The voyage summary is available at This directory includes the ship data, in some cases with initial onshore processing done by CSIRO technical staff (e.g., the underway data). More details are available in the README file.

Shortwave infrared (SWIR) data of hydrothermal alteration from the island of Milos, Greece (NERC Grant NE/L002434/1)
This dataset provides an overview of hydrothermal alteration samples from the island of Milos, Greece, that were analysed using a portable infrared mineral analyser (PIMA) or AgriSpec spectrometer. During data acquisition, spectrums were input into The Spectral Geologist (TSG) to provide an instant and estimated mineral identification using the shortwave infrared (SWIR) part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The samples were acquired during field visits between 2017 - 2019 by the British Geological Survey and the GW4+ Doctorial Training Partnership (NE/L002434/1). This data was primarily used to aid sample collection for further hydrothermal alteration analyses to improve our understanding of regional and local paleo-hydrothermal activity across the island. Identification by the TSG provides an estimation only, and the raw data files in .txt, .fos and .csv formats, are supplied for each analysis in the attached zipped file. This may be useful within the metallic and industrial mineral mining sector and associated researchers. The data includes grid references (± 5 m), TSG interpretations, and field/sample observations noted during data acquisition. GW4+ Doctoral Training Partnership (NE/L002434/1) is supported by grant award GA/09F/139 – RMS E3557, and the British Geological Survey’s University Funding Initiative (BUFI S345).

Shrink swell dataset (5km Hex-Grid) version 7
The 5km Hex GS Shrink Swell dataset shows a generalised view of the GeoSure Shrink Swell v7 dataset to a hexagonal grid resolution of 64.95km coverage area (side length of 5km). This dataset indicates areas of potential ground movement in a helpful and user-friendly format. The rating is based on a highest level of susceptibility identified within that Hex area: Low (1), Moderate (2), Significant (3). Areas of localised significant rating are also indicated. The summarising process via spatial statistics at this scale may lead to under or over estimation of the extent of a hazard. The supporting GeoSure reports can help inform planning decisions and indicate causes of subsidence. The Shrink Swell methodology is based on the BGS Digital Map (DiGMapGB-50) and expert knowledge of the behaviour of the formations so defined. This dataset provides an assessment of the potential for a geological deposit to shrink and swell. Many soils contain clay minerals that absorb water when wet (making them swell), and lose water as they dry (making them shrink). This shrink-swell behaviour is controlled by the type and amount of clay in the soil, and by seasonal changes in the soil moisture content (related to rainfall and local drainage). The rock formations most susceptible to shrink-swell behaviour are found mainly in the south-east of Britain. Clay rocks elsewhere in the country are older and have been hardened by burial deep in the earth and are less able to absorb water. The BGS has carried out detailed geotechnical and mineralogical investigations into rock types known to shrink, and are modelling their properties across the near surface. This research underpins guidance contained in the national GeoSure dataset, and is the basis for our responses to local authorities, companies and members of the public who require specific information on the hazard in their areas. The BGS is undertaking a wide-ranging research programme to investigate this phenomenon by identifying those areas most at risk and developing sustainable management solutions. Complete Great Britain national coverage is available.

Shrink swell dataset (5km Hex-Grid) version 8
The 5km Hex GS Shrink Swell dataset shows a generalised view of the GeoSure Shrink Swell v8 dataset to a hexagonal grid resolution of 64.95km coverage area (side length of 5km). This dataset indicates areas of potential ground movement in a helpful and user-friendly format. The rating is based on a highest level of susceptibility identified within that Hex area: Low (1), Moderate (2), Significant (3). Areas of localised significant rating are also indicated. The summarising process via spatial statistics at this scale may lead to under or over estimation of the extent of a hazard. The supporting GeoSure reports can help inform planning decisions and indicate causes of subsidence. The Shrink Swell methodology is based on the BGS Digital Map (DiGMapGB-50) and expert knowledge of the behaviour of the formations so defined. This dataset provides an assessment of the potential for a geological deposit to shrink and swell. Many soils contain clay minerals that absorb water when wet (making them swell), and lose water as they dry (making them shrink). This shrink-swell behaviour is controlled by the type and amount of clay in the soil, and by seasonal changes in the soil moisture content (related to rainfall and local drainage). The rock formations most susceptible to shrink-swell behaviour are found mainly in the south-east of Britain. Clay rocks elsewhere in the country are older and have been hardened by burial deep in the earth and are less able to absorb water. The BGS has carried out detailed geotechnical and mineralogical investigations into rock types known to shrink, and are modelling their properties across the near surface. This research underpins guidance contained in the national GeoSure dataset, and is the basis for our responses to local authorities, companies and members of the public who require specific information on the hazard in their areas. The BGS is undertaking a wide-ranging research programme to investigate this phenomenon by identifying those areas most at risk and developing sustainable management solutions. Complete Great Britain national coverage is available.

Silica rheology (NERC Grants NE/H016309/1, NE/L006898/1)
Synchrotron X-radiography (images) and diffraction data collected to measure rheology of Quartz coesite and stishovite.

Silver isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Silver (Ag), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Simplified Geological Map of central-eastern Nepal (NERC Grant NE/L002582/1)
Raster (TIFF) file showing the simplified main bedrock geology units that comprise a ~45,000 km2 region of central-eastern Nepal.

Simplified geological map of Luxembourg, Scale 1:350.000
Simplified geological map of Luxembourg at a scale scale of 1:350 000

Simulated yields and transmissivities for the weathered basement aquifer of Northern Ghana (ODA grants NE/R000069/1, NE/M008827/1)
This dataset was generated with a novel process-based stochastic modelling approach to investigate the productivity and sustainability of groundwater abstractions in the Precambrian basement aquifer in Ghana. The statistical distribution of the generated synthetic yield data was found in very good agreement with observed yield data from the same Ghanaian aquifer. The dataset includes more than 40,000 simulated values of maximum allowable yield and corresponding transmissivity values for different realisations of aquifer heterogeneity, net recharge values, and borehole depth. Further details about the dataset and the method of generation and collection can be found in the article by Bianchi et al. (2020) "Investigating the productivity and sustainability of weathered basement aquifers in tropical Africa using numerical simulation and global sensitivity analysis" published in the Water Resources Research journal. This research was supported by the UKRI British Geological Survey NC-ODA grant NE/R000069/1 and NE/M008827/1.

Single Onshore Borehole Index
The Single Onshore Borehole Index (SOBI) is an index of over 1 million boreholes, shafts and wells and references collections of digital and analogue records from all forms of drilling and site investigation work held by the BGS. The index covers onshore and near shore boreholes from Great Britain dating back to at least 1790 and ranging from one to several thousand metres deep. Some 50,000 new boreholes are added each year. The majority of the records contain written descriptions of the ground encountered. The SOBI index database originated in 1988 from a number of existing tables and from data input from a variety of coding forms. Therefore not all fields in the database are populated and data that should be in some fields may currently form part of the entries in another. The index is available on the BGS website via the Geoindex

SiO2 and Rb-Sr ratios vs crustal thickness in central and south western America (NERC grant NE/K008862/1)
A GEOROC ( http://georoc.mpch-mainz.gwdg.de/georoc/) compilation of 8,531 analyses of SiO2, Rb and Sr concentrations, in crustal rocks sampled in central and southwestern America, at sites of various crustal thickness. These data were used in Dhuime et al. (2015, Nature Geoscience 8, 552-555) to establish a positive correlation between Rb/Sr (or SiO2) and crustal thickness in sites of generation of new continental crust. GEOROC - Geochemistry of Rocks of the Oceans and Continents

Site investigation reports collection
Reports of site investigations produced by external organisations carried out for all forms of site investigation The reports date back to the 1950s and may contain information on boreholes, trial pits, laboratory tests and chemical analyses etc. The collection covers the whole of Great Britain with concentrations in urban areas and transportation routes. The interpreative parts of the reports are not available to public.

Skaergaard mush thickness (NERC grant NE/J021520/1)
Dihedral angle data and bulk rock P2O5 concentrations for cumulates from the Skaergaard Intrusion of East Greenland. The data were used to constrain the thickness of the mushy layer at the point in the stratigraphic where apatite arrives as a liquidus phase. The work was published: Holness et al. (2017) Journal of Petrology, doi: 10.1093/petrology/egx040

Skouries Cu (copper)-Au (gold) deposit data (NERC Grants NE/M010848/1 and NE/M011615/1)
Mineralogical and geochemical data from sulphides and other ore minerals from the Skouries porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Greece. Samples were taken from several boreholes from the Skouries mine, courtesy of Eldorado Gold Corporation. This data contains petrological photographs; identification of platinum group minerals and precious metal minerals; and trace element concentration of ore minerals. This data was collected as part of the TeaSe consortium NERC grant in order to determine the concentration and hosting of critical and precious metals in various types of ore deposits and barren rocks from different geological environments. This data was collected and interpreted by researchers at Cardiff University and is used in a paper, available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.06.014.

Slope instability deformations
SDE database of Slope deformations register contains basic data of registered and authenticated slope deformations (landslides, solifluction, rock falls, etc.). Landslides are classified as active, suspended and stabilized. Database is based on verified mapping in 1 : 10,000 and landslide description and photodocumentation. Data actuality, professionality and its processing is maintained by experts from CGS.

Social science monitoring data round 1 (NERC Grant NE/M008983/1)
This data set consists of sets of qualitative data in the form of vulnerability questionnaires (referred to as tool 1) and interviews (referred to as Tool 2) from 4 communities - 2 in Northern Ghana and 2 in Burkina Faso.

Socio-economic potential index for deep geothermal energy in France

Socio-economic potential index for deep geothermal energy in the Flemish Region

Socio-economic potential index for deep geothermal energy in The Netherlands

Socio-economic potential index for deep geothermal energy in the North Rhine Westphalia Region

Socio-economic potential index for deep geothermal energy in the Upper Rhine Graben

Socio-economic potential index for deep geothermal energy in the Walloon Region

Sodium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Sodium (Na), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Sofia PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Sofia, Bulgaria. It has been provided by TRE as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Soil gas sampling and analysis method test results
The dataset contains details of field collection of test soil gas samples with use of Supel Inert Foil gas sampling bags and the results of methane and ethane measurements performed in order to validate a methodology of soil gas sampling and analysis. The dataset is not intended to be used for any site characterisation, sampling sites were chosen based on high probability of occurrence of measureable methane content in soil gas. Furthermore, the data will be used for formal procedure to obtain the methodology accreditation from the Polish Centre for Accreditation (PCA). The dataset might be used as a set of results of the analytical methodology in future field experimental works. However measurement data are related to particular soil types and beside validation/inter-comparison purpose are not reusable. The dataset was created within SECURe project (Subsurface Evaluation of CCS and Unconventional Risks) - https://www.securegeoenergy.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 764531

Soil Chemistry England and Wales (version 3)
This dataset has now been superseded, please see the Estimated Ambient Background Soil Chemistry England and Wales dataset. This dataset indicates the estimated topsoil Arsenic(As), Cadmium (Cd), Cr (Chromium), Nickel (Ni) and Lead (Pb) concentrations (mg kg-1) derived by spatial interpolation of the point source urban soil PHE (potentially harmful elements) data. Urban soil geochemical data generally have large positive skewness coefficients so were transformed by taking natural logarithms. To overcome the bias associated with traditional measures of location (mean) and scale (standard deviation) for log-normal data, the inverse distance weighted (IDW) mean and standard deviation of log transformed element concentrations were used for mapping the spatial variation in As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb concentrations. The soil chemistry data is based on GBASE (Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment) soil geochemical data where these are available. Elsewhere the stream sediment data are converted to surface soil equivalent potentially harmful element(PHE) concentrations. This dataset covers England and Wales but data is available for the whole of Great Britain, with the exception of the London area where an inadequate number of geochemical samples are available at the moment.

Soil chemistry Scotland (version 3)
This dataset has now been superseded, please see the Estimated Ambient Background Soil Chemistry Scotland dataset. The BGS digital soil chemistry data indicates the estimated geometric mean concentrations (mg kg-1) of Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni) and Lead (Pb) in surface soil. The soil chemistry data is based on GBASE (Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment) soil geochemical data where these are available. Elsewhere the stream sediment data are converted to surface soil equivalent potentially harmful element(PHE) concentrations. This dataset covers Scotland but data is available for the whole of Great Britain, with the exception of the London area where an inadequate number of geochemical samples are available at the moment.

Soil map at a scale of 1:1M, compiled by Milan Tomášek. The map includes also the soil grain size layer. The classification of soil types was updated in 2016 according to the Taxonomy system for soils in the Czech Republic and World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, update 2015.

WMS Service provides CGS - Soil map at a scale of 1:1M has been compiled by Milan Tomášek and published with a publication Soils of the Czech Republic (3rd edition, Czech Geological Survey, 2003). Part of this map service is a layer describing soil grain size.

The maps show the soil cover of the Czech Republic. They express the typological affiliation of the soil in the "Taxonomic classification system of soils of the Czech Republic" (Němeček et al., 2011), or the version for forest soils (Vokoun et al., 2002), i.e. soil type, subtype, soil variety, or subvariety. The data for the selected map sheets also contain data on the soil parent material in a classification based on the legend of the Geological Map of the Czech Republic 1:50,000, supplemented by classification codes (Schuler et al,. 2013).
This soil map on a scale of 1:50,000 is the most detailed soil map so far, which maps both agricultural and forest land together in the area of the entire territory of the Czech Republic (in process), in the same and up-to-date soil classification system. In the GIS environment, the maps are processed after the map sheets of the ZM50 division, so that they create a continuous thematic layer of the soil-typology map.

INSPIRE View Service enables access to soil maps at a scale of 1 : 50,000 of the new digital edition of the Czech Geological Survey (since 2012).

Soil media (S)
DRASTIC parameter S

Soil Regions of the European Union and Adjacent Countries 1:5,000,000
The map of the "Soil Regions of the European Union and Adjacent Countries 1:5,000,000 (Version 2.0)" is published by the Federal Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), in partnership with the Joint Research Center (JRC, Ispra). The soil regions map is intended to support the current national mapping activities towards a European 1:250,000 datbase by stratifying similar regional soil associations into a hierarchical concept. Only by stratification, the complexity of soils can be systematically structured so that the complex 1:250,000 legend can be handled in cross-national and contintental-level applications. Soil regions are natural, cross-regional soil geographical units which perform the highest spatial and content-based aggregation of European soils. They represent the frame conditions for soil development at the landscape level. The soil regions are presented at scale 1:5,000,000. Thus, its borders are highly generalized. Because of its low resolution, the map units absorb atypical soils and associations of soils, which are only described in higher resolution soil maps. The delineation of the soil regions is expected to be refined (and probably improved by its content) during the actual 1:250,000 mapping process. Thus, updating can be expected in the future. Currently, the soil regions map is the only graphical soil representation in Europe which has been developed using fully comparable and harmonized basic data at the continental level (climate, hydrography, relief, geology, vegetation): the interpretation of this input data, and the utilization of expert knowledge (including the interpretation of regional soil maps) has been done using one common methodology, developed and applied consistently throughout the whole mapping area by an experienced international soil mapper (Dr. Reinhard Hartwich, former member of BGR, and co-author of the 1998 Manual of Procedures). The methodology is extensively described in the Explanatory Notes (German), and in the revised Manual of Procedures which is expected to be completed soon. It is highly recommended to apply and interpret the map using the map comments and descriptions as provided in the explanatory notes (German: Hartwich et al. 2005; English: revision of the Manual of Procedures, initial version: Finke et al. 2001).

Soil Regions of the European Union and Adjacent Countries 1:5,000,000 (WMS)
The map of the "Soil Regions of the European Union and Adjacent Countries 1:5,000,000 (Version 2.0)" is published by the Federal Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), in partnership with the Joint Research Center (JRC, Ispra). The soil regions map is intended to support the current national mapping activities towards a European 1:250,000 datbase by stratifying similar regional soil associations into a hierarchical concept. Only by stratification, the complexity of soils can be systematically structured so that the complex 1:250,000 legend can be handled in cross-national and contintental-level applications. Soil regions are natural, cross-regional soil geographical units which perform the highest spatial and content-based aggregation of European soils. They represent the frame conditions for soil development at the landscape level. The soil regions are presented at scale 1:5,000,000. Thus, its borders are highly generalized. Because of its low resolution, the map units absorb atypical soils and associations of soils, which are only described in higher resolution soil maps. The delineation of the soil regions is expected to be refined (and probably improved by its content) during the actual 1:250,000 mapping process. Thus, updating can be expected in the future. Currently, the soil regions map is the only graphical soil representation in Europe which has been developed using fully comparable and harmonized basic data at the continental level (climate, hydrography, relief, geology, vegetation): the interpretation of this input data, and the utilization of expert knowledge (including the interpretation of regional soil maps) has been done using one common methodology, developed and applied consistently throughout the whole mapping area by an experienced international soil mapper (Dr. Reinhard Hartwich, former member of BGR, and co-author of the 1998 Manual of Procedures). The methodology is extensively described in the Explanatory Notes (German), and in the revised Manual of Procedures which is expected to be completed soon. It is highly recommended to apply and interpret the map using the map comments and descriptions as provided in the explanatory notes (German: Hartwich et al. 2005; English: revision of the Manual of Procedures, initial version: Finke et al. 2001).

Soilmap of Denmark 1:1 million
Soil-type map of Denmark 1:1 million. The map is an automatic generalization of Soilmap of Denmark 1:200.000 and a contribution to the worldwide OneGeology project. Please note that this map is fit for use as a large-scale illustration only, due to the automatic procedure used for generalization.

Soilmap of Denmark 1:200.000
Soil-type map of Denmark 1:200.000 version 2.
An interpreted overview map of surface geology in Denmark. The map shows a countrywide classification and distribution of soil types (mostly glacial and postglacial sediments) at the surface of Denmark. The soil types are divided into 12 different legend items. The map has a scale of 1:200.000, and is suited for educational use and as a background layer for other mapped themes.
The map is published in GEUS report 2011/19.

Solomon Islands Regional Geochemistry.
Two geochemical surveys were undertaken in the Solomon Islands between 1976 and 1983 as part of a combined geological mapping and mineral exploration project. The survey of Choiseul and the Shortland Islands was carried out between 1976 and 1979 by the Institute of Geological Sciences (now the British Geological Survey) with support from staff of the Geology Division of the Ministry of Land, Energy and Natural Resources, Solomon Islands. The project produced 12 geological maps at 1:50,000 scale as well as a series of unpublished reports. The survey of the New Georgia Group of islands was undertaken between 1979 and 1983. The project produced 7 geological maps at a scale of 1:100,000 and a regional map of the entire island group at a scale of 1:250,000. A series of multielement geochemical anomaly maps were produced at a scale of 1:100,000 to accompany each of the published geological maps. Master copies of these are held at the Geological Survey in Honiara. Full descriptions of the methods used are described in the margins of the anomaly maps. A total of 8848 stream sediment samples were collected from Choiseul and 7441 from the New Georgia Group, resulting in an average sampling density for the two areas of 2.68 samples per km2 and 1.47 samples per km2 respectively. Sampling in the Shortland Islands was confined to the larger islands, 187 were collected from the Fauro Island group, 148 from Alu and 69 from Mono. The samples were dry sieved and the fraction passing -80 mesh B.S. (177 microns) was analysed. A hot concentrated nitric acid digestion was used prior to analysis by atomic absorbtion spectrophotometry (AAS) for Co, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Ag, and Mn. Samples from the vicinity of the Siruka Ultramafic Complex were determined for Cr by AAS after digestion by a bisulphate fusion technique. Raw data can be obtained from the Geology Division, Ministry of Mines and Energy, PO Box G37, Honiara, Solomon Islands.

Solubility, kinetics and metal drawdown during precipitation of Fe(II)-silicate over a range of temperatures (NERC Grant NE/M013014/1)
Solubility and kinetic data for Fe(II)-silicate precipitation over a range of temperatures, as well as metal drawdown and metal release during diagenesis. Characterisation data for solid precipitates using FTIR and XRD. The XRDML data should be opened on Panalytical highscore, and the XLS file should be opened with Excel, Numbers or OpenOffice. Paper currently under review ‘Micronutrient availability in ferruginous, silica-rich Precambrian oceans’, Rosalie Tostevin, Imad Ahmed

Soluble rocks dataset (5km Hex-Grid) version 7
The 5km Hex GS Soluble Rocks dataset shows a generalised view of the GeoSure Soluble Rocks v7 dataset to a hexagonal grid resolution of 64.95km coverage area (side length of 5km). This dataset indicates areas of potential ground movement in a helpful and user-friendly format. The rating is based on a highest level of susceptibility identified within that Hex area: Low (1), Moderate (2), Significant (3). Areas of localised significant rating are also indicated. The summarising process via spatial statistics at this scale may lead to under or over estimation of the extent of a hazard. The supporting GeoSure reports can help inform planning decisions and indicate causes of subsidence. The Soluble Rocks methodology is based on the BGS Digital Map (DiGMapGB-50) and expert knowledge of the behaviour of the formations so defined. This dataset provides an assessment of the potential for dissolution within a geological deposit. Ground dissolution occurs when certain types of rock contain layers of material that may dissolve if they get wet. This can cause underground cavities to develop. These cavities reduce support to the ground above and can lead to a collapse of overlying rocks. Dissolution of soluble rocks produces landforms and features collectively known as 'karst'. Britain has four main types of soluble or 'karstic' rocks; limestone, chalk, gypsum and salt, each with a different character and associated potential hazards. Engineering problems associated with these karstic rocks include subsidence, sinkhole formation, uneven rock-head and reduced rock-mass strength. Sinkhole formation and subsidence has the potential to cause damage to buildings and infrastructure. Complete Great Britain national coverage is available.

Soluble rocks dataset (5km Hex-Grid) version 8
The 5km Hex GS Soluble Rocks dataset shows a generalised view of the GeoSure Soluble Rocks v8 dataset to a hexagonal grid resolution of 64.95km coverage area (side length of 5km). This dataset indicates areas of potential ground movement in a helpful and user-friendly format. The rating is based on a highest level of susceptibility identified within that Hex area: Low (1), Moderate (2), Significant (3). Areas of localised significant rating are also indicated. The summarising process via spatial statistics at this scale may lead to under or over estimation of the extent of a hazard. The supporting GeoSure reports can help inform planning decisions and indicate causes of subsidence. The Soluble Rocks methodology is based on the BGS Digital Map (DiGMapGB-50) and expert knowledge of the behaviour of the formations so defined. This dataset provides an assessment of the potential for dissolution within a geological deposit. Ground dissolution occurs when certain types of rock contain layers of material that may dissolve if they get wet. This can cause underground cavities to develop. These cavities reduce support to the ground above and can lead to a collapse of overlying rocks. Dissolution of soluble rocks produces landforms and features collectively known as 'karst'. Britain has four main types of soluble or 'karstic' rocks; limestone, chalk, gypsum and salt, each with a different character and associated potential hazards. Engineering problems associated with these karstic rocks include subsidence, sinkhole formation, uneven rock-head and reduced rock-mass strength. Sinkhole formation and subsidence has the potential to cause damage to buildings and infrastructure. Complete Great Britain national coverage is available.

SoS Minerals Madagascar ion adsorption deposits, inorganic leaching of rare earth elements (NERC Grant NE/M011232/2)
Data from experiments on rare earth element leaching from ion adsorption deposits. Columns experiments of leaching from a Madagascar ion-adsorption soil. Six soil columns for two deposit types with different starting/operational conditions. Data reported are the volume, pH and conductivity, and the molar concentrations of each eluate fraction for the metals, ammonia and Cl. SOS - NERC Security of Supply of Mineral (SoS) Resources programme

Sosnowiec PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Sosnowiec, Poland. It has been provided by TRE as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Southern Denmark PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Southern Denmark, Denmark. It has been provided by Altamira Information as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Southern Permian Basin Atlas
The Southern Permian Basin Atlas (SPBA) presents a comprehensive and systematic overview of the results of over 150 years of petroleum exploration and research in the Southern Permian Basin area. The Atlas aims to stimulate the petroleum E&P industry to continue their activities in this mature basin. The subsurface characterization provided in the Atlas will also be of great value to governments, researchers and other individuals interested in the deep subsurface.

Southern Ruhr PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Southern Ruhr, Germany. It has been provided by Altamira Information as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Spanish Inventory of Places of Geological Interest (IELIG)
Database of the Spanish Inventory of Places of Geological Interest (IELIG) which, in accordance with Law 42/2007, must be drawn up and updated by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and the Environment, with the collaboration of the Autonomous Communities and scientific institutions. Royal Decree 1274/2011, entrusts the IGME with the completion of this inventory, without prejudice to the actions that the Autonomous Communities, in the use of their powers, carry out to complete it in their respective territories. Includes LIGs from the former IGME national inventory (developed basically between 1978 and 1988) and MAGNA geological mapping projects, plus sites that come from the IGME inventory carried out with the methodology designed for the IELIG but which have not been collected by the official autonomous inventories.

Spanish Land Movements Map at a scale of 1:1.000.000
Map delimiting the areas with different types of land movements, representing the most intense and frequent movements. It therefore shows the distribution and extent of the most problematic areas from a practical point of view. Land movements are classified into four main groups: horizontal component movements (landslides and landslides), vertical component movements (subsidence and subsidence, and expansive clays), unstable processes in coastal areas and movements related to mining operations. Areas with significant erosion processes are also included. This map, published in 1987, was drawn up entirely by staff of the Geological Survey of Spain in response to the need for information on geological hazards and risks on a national scale.

Spatial and temporal datasets for 11 different small-scale laboratory experiments of fluid-driven fractures
These data consist of spatial and temporal datasets for 11 different small-scale laboratory experiments of fluid-driven fractures, described in the paper Up, down, and round again: the circulating flow dynamics of flux-driven fractures (Chalk and Kavanagh, accepted in Physics of Fluids, February 2024). These experiments, conducted at the University of Liverpool, are analogue models of natural fluid-driven fractures in glacial and magmatic settings. Fractures were created by injecting water or silicone oil into transparent gelatine at a constant rate. The total experimental data set consists of 11 different experiments named: S1,S2,S3,S4,S5,W1,W2,W3,W4,SH,WH. S experiments involve the injection of silicone oil, and W experiments involve the injection of water. The raw data consist of a temporal series of jpegs from camera recordings of each experiment, located in the subdirectory "frames". For all experiments except for WH and SH, the data also consist of a temporal series of csv files containing spatial velocity data of the internal fluid flow, located in the subdirectory "PIV". These data are described in further detail in the metadata file in the raw data directory.

Species occurrences of Mesozoic and Paleogene Testudinata in time and space (NERC grant NE/J020613/1)
The data consist of several spreadsheets detailing the temporal and geographical distributions of testudinates (turtles, terrapins and tortoises) through time. Occurrence data includes information on taxonomy, geographical distribution and geological age and is limited to Mesozoic-Paleogene taxa. These data were compiled from the published literature on fossil turtles for NERC Standard Grant NE/J020613/1. These data form the basis for understanding the role of changing global climates and geography on testudinate diversity and distribution though time, with the aim of providing historical baseline data for modern conservation biology. The data represent a summary over 150 years of published research on fossil turtles and their relatives and were compiled over a period of 3.5 years during the tenure of a grant. To date they have provided the data used in analyses presented by Nicholson et al. (2015, 2016) and Waterson et al. (2016). Details of the analyses and the results obtained can be found in these papers.

Specific annual thermal load - closed loop systems
Specific annual thermal energy content for heating and / or cooling referring per surface area for borehole heat exchangers at a defined length.

Specific annual thermal load - open loop systems
Energy content available per year in a defined volume of a groundwater body for heating and/or cooling applications

Specific hydraulic productivity
Maximum yield or pumping rate of a groundwater well doublet per square meter at a given location.

Specific thermal capacity - closed loop systems
Specific thermal capacity per surface area unit for borehole heat exchangers of a defined length.

Specific thermal capacity - open loop systems
Thermal capacity of a well doublet for heating and/or cooling depending on the hydraulic productivity and the thermal productivity.

Specific yeild
Extracted water volume per hour and meter drawdown for a defined well diameter.

Specific yield
Extracted water volume per hour and meter drawdown for a defined well diameter.

Spectrometry
Database contains data from gamma-spectrometry survey. Gamma-ray spectrometry survey means measurement of natural radioactive isotopes concentration i.e. potassium 40K [%], uranium 328U and 235U [ppm], thorium 232Th [ppm]; simultaneously, total gamma-ray activity was registered. This survey started in 1976 and covered about 60 % of the territory.

Speleothem chemical data and soil acidity experiments (NE/K012827/1)
speleothem data - ICP-AES (Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy) , incomplete soil acidity experiments - soil water chemistry after acidification - incomplete

Speleothem chronology in Ledyanaya Lenskaya and Botovskaya caves used in publication "Paleoclimate evidence of vulnerable permafrost during times of low sea-ice" By Vaks, A. et al.(2020) (NERC grant NE/K005057/1, NE/G013829/1)
The tables describe U-series chronology of speleothems in Ledyanaya Lenskaya and Botovskaya caves used in the manuscript "Paleoclimate evidence of vulnerable permafrost during times of low sea ice" by Vaks et al. 2020, Nature 577, 7789, 221–225. The information included in the tables is listed as following: Table 1: Table 1a includes U–Pb data from Ledyanaya Lenskaya and Botovskaya caves; Table 1b includes common Pb estimates for Ledyanaya Lenskaya and Botovskaya caves. Table 2: U–Th chronology of speleothems from Botovskaya Cave. The data shows when speleothems were growing in Ledyanaya Lenskaya Cave during the last 1.5 Ma and in Botovskaya Cave during the last 0.7 Ma. Speleothems grow when water seeps from the surface into the caves. If the soil and rock above the cave is permanently frozen, water will not reach the cave and speleothems will not grow. Together with the data from Vaks et al (2013) "Speleothems Reveal 500,000-Year History of Siberian Permafrost", Science 340, 6129, p 183–186, these speleothem deposition periods show when the permafrost above the two caves was discontinuous or absent. Published Paper: Vaks, A., Mason, A. J. Breitenbach, S. F. M., Kononov, A. M., Osinzev, A. V., Rosensaft, M., Borshevsky, A., Gutareva, O. S., Henderson, G. M. Palaeoclimate evidence of vulnerable permafrost during times of low sea ice. Nature 577, 7789, 221–225 (2020) doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1880-1

Spence porphyry copper deposit: Hematite (U-Th-Sm)/He geochronology
This spreadsheet contains (U-Th-Sm)/He data for 73 hematite samples from the supergene profile of the Spence porphyry copper deposit in the Central Andes. These data are discussed in the G-cubed publication titled 'A rusty record of weathering and groundwater movement in the hyperarid Central Andes' (Shaw et al., 2021). Spence porphyry copper deposit Drill hole SPD0324, UTM WGS1984 19S, E 474975.22, N 7481100.39 Drill hole SPD 1848, UTM WGS1984 19S, E 474998.29, N 7481399.87 Drill hole SPD 0402, UTM WGS1984 19S, E 473969.87, N 7479755.01

SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) 90m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Data for Kwale County, Kenya produced by the Gro for GooD project. (NERC Grant NE/M008894/1)
This dataset contains digital terrain data that describes the topography of the area under study at 90m resolution based on SRTM 90m Digital Elevation Data from the CGIAR-CSI (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research - Consortium for Spatial Information). Gro for GooD: Groundwater Risk Management for Growth and Development, https://upgro.org/consortium/gro-for-good/

Stable Isotope and geochemical Data from Spain and France (NERC grant NE/J020842/1)
Stable Isotope and trace element analyses (Ca, Sr, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations) derived from Cretaceous Belemnites including Duvalia tornajoensis, D. cf. lata constricta, D. binervia, D. cf. emericii, Hibolithes, H. cf. jaculoides, Berriasibelus, Castellanibelus and Pseudobelus.

Stable isotope and sedimentological data from Wallywash Great Pond, Jamaica (NERC Grant NE/K00610X/1)
Oxygen and carbon isotope measurements from multiple-shell samples of the ostracod Cypretta brevisapta, and loss-on-ignition determinations, from Core WAGP taken from Wallywash Great Pond, Jamaica. A chronology for the core is provided by radiocarbon dates and short-lived radio-isotopes. The data provide a proxy for changing hydroclimate for the period 2000 – 200 CE.

Stable isotope and trace element data for planktonic foraminifera from IODP Site U1338 (NERC Grant NE/I528750/1)
Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios (δ18O, δ13C) were measured on 10 to 12 shells of mixed-layer dwelling species Globigerinoides subquadratus from the 250 to 315 μm size fraction from 425 meters composite depth (mcd) until its extinction at 390 mcd. Analyses then continue with Globigerinoides spp. until 350 mcd. In a few samples, where foraminiferal density was low, only 5–7 specimens were analyzed. Analyses were made with a VG Optima mass spectrometer with multi prep device at the British Geological Survey, Keyworth, UK. When picking shells, care was taken to exclude individuals with broken or missing chambers, although preservation of specimens was generally excellent (Fox & Wade, 2013). The external reproducibility of our measurements is ±0.07‰ and ±0.05‰ for δ18O and δ13C respectively. To examine the reproducibility of the results, duplicate measurements were made on 35 samples (5%), which indicate mean reproducibility better than ±0.12‰ and ±0.14‰ for δ18O and δ13C, respectively. Oxygen isotope data are reported as per mil on the VPDB scale (Table S1) calibrated through laboratory and international standards. At ODP Site 1146, δ18O and δ13C were measured by Holbourn et al., (2010) on the mixed-layer dwelling planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides obliquus or Gs. subquadratus, using 10 to 20 well-preserved tests from the size fraction 250-350 μm. Paired measurements in 51 samples indicate no significant offset in δ18O and δ13C between Gs. obliquus and Gs. subquadratus. Detailed methods are outlined in Holbourn et al., (2010). δ13C data are not used here. For Mg/Ca analyses, we selected 25–35 specimens of Trilobatus quadrilobatus (140–550 μg) from the 250 to 315 μm size fraction; the same size fraction as used for δ18O analysis, to minimize size-related intraspecific elemental variation (Elderfield et al., 2002). Analyses were performed on 86 samples over the studied interval. The tests were gently crushed and subsequently cleaned according to the protocol of Martin & Lea (2002) to remove clays. Cleaning included a reductive step with hydrazine to remove Mn-(hydr)oxides. Samples were measured on an ICP-AES device at Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany. Analytical precision is ~1.1%, based on measurements of an internal laboratory standard. Replicate Mg/Ca measurements revealed an average standard deviation of ~0.08 mmol/mol. Adequate cleaning is indicated by very low Fe/Ca, Al/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios.

Stable isotope, sedimentological and geochemical data from Holocene lake-sediment core YC2 from Yaal Chac, Mexico (NERC Grant NE/K00610X/1)
Dataset contains an interannual to sub centennial resolution record of carbonate oxygen and carbon isotopes, bulk sediment geochemistry and sedimentology from a 2.95 metre-long core (YC2) from Yaal Chac. The core was dated using a combination of radiocarbon dates and short-lived radio-isotopes. Data are presented in Metcalfe et al (2022) Quaternary Science Reviews https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107445

Stassfurt PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Stassfurt, Germany. It has been provided by DLR as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Static gravity data Campi Flegrei, Italy (2015 survey) (NERC grant NE/J020052/1)
The data set contains location (latitude and longitude), ellipsoidal height (m) and observed gravity of benchmarks at the Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy. The gravity and location data were collected between 8 and 12 July, 2015 using a Scintrex CG5 gravimeter (serial number: 572) in tandem with a TOPCON HiPer Pro Dual-Frequency GNSS base and rover system. The survey contained a total of 85 benchmarks in addition to the base station.

Stockholm PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Stockholm, Sweden. It has been provided by CGG NPA Satellite Mapping as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Stoer Group and Sibley Group nitrogen geochemistry in red beds (NERC Grant NE/V010824/1)
Nitrogen abundances in red shales are shown to be suitable as a biosignature that may be applicable to red beds on Mars. The data set includes organic carbon and nitrogen abundances and isotopic ratios, carbonate carbon and oxygen isotope ratios, and metal abundances. We evaluate potential abiotic effects and discuss diagenetic scenarios that lead to an enrichment of ammonium in clay minerals.

Stoke-on-Trent PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom. It has been provided by TRE as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

StPetersburg PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for StPetersburg, Russia. It has been provided by CGG NPA Satellite Mapping as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Data and Related Information (1999-)
The SEA portal is managed by the BGS on behalf of DECC and provides free access to downloadable data, information and reports which have been produced through the SEA process. The Department of Trade and Industry (now DECC) began a sequence of sectoral SEAs of the implications of further licensing of the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS) for oil and gas exploration and production in 1999. The SEA Process subdivided the UKCS into eight areas shown; beginning in 2008, integrated Offshore Energy SEAs have been undertaken that cover the whole UKCS. An integral part of the SEA programme has been a series of research and monitoring surveys commissioned to acquire new data about the offshore environment and used to help inform the relevant SEAs. Many files can be downloaded directly from portal. Those that are too large to download can be ordered via the website for postal delivery from BGS.

Stratigraphic Surfaces Database.
This database stores down-hole stratigraphic data to complement the seismic surface picks stored in the Seismic Locations And Sections Database (LOCSEC). Because these surfaces are chosen for their visibility on seismic data, they may not be directly equivalent to established BGS lithostratigraphic and/or choronstratigraphic divisions. However, the local coding system is based on and can relate to the BGS stratigraphic LEXICON. Stratigraphic picks are stored in terms of depth and seismic one-way travel time. Local borehole summary information (location, elevation, etc.) is used because both onshore and offshore boreholes are stored in this database. These data can be related to the BGS onshore borehole database by borehole registration, and to the offshore well database by DTI well-id. Additional tables (under development) provide information on hydrocarbon tests and their results. Almost all data are within the UK Onshore area; although there are some UK near-shore and offshore (North Sea, Irish Sea).

Stream sediment geochemistry (500m Grid) dataset
This dataset represents the first publication of complete national maps from the Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment (G-BASE) and TellusNI projects, whose aim was to conduct a national geochemical survey of the United Kingdom in order to improve understanding of our geology and environment and provide quantitative evidence against which to gauge future environmental change. This dataset consists of a series of interpolated raster (ASCII grid) maps displaying the concentrations of a suite of chemical elements (and oxides) in the stream sediments of the United Kingdom. The chemical elements are as follows: Arsenic, Barium, Calcium (CaO), Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron (Fe2O3), Lanthanum, Lead, Magnesium (MgO), Manganese (MnO), Nickel, Potassium (K2O), Rubidium, Uranium, Vanadium, Zinc and Zirconium.

Stress-Dependent Permeability data, XRD Mineralogy, Porosity, Density for Glasgow Main Coal, mudstone and sandstone.
Stress-Dependent permeability data for samples of the Glasgow Main coal and the overlying mudstone and sandstone from the UKGEOS research borehole GGC01. Associated XRD mineralogy, Helium Porosity, bulk and matrix densities are also included. Samples and data are derived from the UK Geoenergy Observatories Programme funded by the UKRI Natural Environment Research Council and delivered by the British Geological Survey.

Strontium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Strontium (Sr), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Strontium, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Boron isotopes of Mariana mud volcano pore waters (NERC grant NE/P020909/1)
Porewaters from IODP Expedition 366 were extracted from serpentinite mud volcano sediments onboard the RV JOIDES Resolution (see Fryer et al, 2017; 2018 for details). Selected samples were then analysed at the University of Southampton for 87Sr/86Sr and boron isotopes and SUERC for stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope data. The strontium isotope data has recently been accepted for publication (Albers et al., 2019 (In Press) Fluid–rock interactions in the shallow Mariana forearc: carbon cycling and redox conditions, Solid Earth special issue "Exploring new frontiers in fluids processes in subduction zones").

Structural framework - Bavaria
Structural framework limits (with uncertainties) and units in the Bavaria one-country pilot. Datasets compiled and harmonised by the Bavarian Environment Agency.

Structural framework - Ireland
Structural framework limits (with uncertainties) and units in the Irish one-country pilot. Datasets compiled and harmonised by the Geological Survey Ireland.

Structural framework - pan-European
Structural framework limits (with uncertainties) and units at pan-European scale. Compiled and harmonised by the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences – Geological Survey of Belgium.

Structural framework - Pannonian Basin
Structural framework limits (with uncertainties) and units in the Pannonian Basin area of interest. Compiled and harmonised from datasets of WP4 partners Mining and Geological Survey of Hungary, Geological Survey of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Geological Survey, Geological Institute of Romania, Geological Survey of Serbia, State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stur, Geological Survey of Slovenia and State Information Geological Fund of Ukraine.

Structural framework - Roer-to-Rhine
Structural framework limits (with uncertainties) and units in the Roer-to-Rhine area of interest. Compiled and harmonised from datasets of WP3 partners Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences – Geological Survey of Belgium, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Flemish Institute for Technological Research and Geological Survey of North Rhine‐Westphalia.

Structure and Composition of Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (NERC Grant NE/K006290/1)
Input and output files from first-principles calculations to compute the lattice thermal conductivity, elastic properties, and phase stability of various lower mantle minerals. Spreadsheets of processing and final results. Article pre-prints.

Structure and evolution of the Sorbas basin - dataset (NERC Grant NE/F019475/1)
The dataset comprises: Petrophysical data for rocks from the region, XRD mineralogical data, Results of the gravity survey of the basin, tabulation and location of all bedding orientation data for the basin, and sediment transport lineation data. The dataset accompanies publication : On the Structure and Evolution of the Sorbas Basin, S.E. Spain, Tectonophysics 773 (2019) 228230, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.228230

Structure from motion data imagery from Skeiðarársandur (2022) (NERC Grant: NE/X002020/1)
This dataset comprises approximately 18600 nadir images taken from a UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) and saved as .jpg files. The dataset broadly covers the area of proximal Skeiðarársandur area (~63.9 N, 17.3 W), and Skeiðarársandur coastline (63.7 N, 17.5 W) at the mouth of Gígjukvísl on 18th April 2022 in Southern Iceland. The data set broadly stretches for an area 11 km east, and 8 km north in the proximal Skeiðarársandur area. The coverage is variable as the imagery is centred on the proglacial lakes and associated drainage rivers. Data was collected over two field campaigns after the December 2021 Glacial Lake Outburst Flood, with collections occurring in April and June 2022. Flights were conducted at 120 m elevation with >60% overlap between images. Ground control points collected in the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System ) dataset were used to georeference the imagery. The images were collected to quantify the impacts of the flood and to try and identify strand lines and high water marks. Newcastle University was responsible for collection of the data.

Structure Of The Bedrock
The data comprises information on the subsurface structure of stratigraphic levels and units in the United Kingdom, detailing depth to and thickness of the units. These result from projects in different parts of the UK performed at different times. Common working scales are 1:50 000 and 1:250 000 with appropriate differences in detail. Much mapping results from interpretation of seismic data, and as a result many of the structural maps are in time rather than depth, although some have been depth converted.

Structures in Finland 1:1M
The Geological Map of the Fennoscandian Shield dataset shows fault and impact structures. This incorporates data from the map of the bedrock of Fennoscandia (2001) and new data on Quaternary geology.

Subaerial Landslide - lines
No features yet.

Subaerial Landslide - points
No features yet.

Subaerial Landslide - polygons
Relict subaerial landslide feature. Where information is available these are subdivided further: 1. Slide deposit; 2. Slide scar (area of missing material on failure surface; 3. Other. Where information on the genesis is available that is also provided: 1. Rotational; 2. Translational; 3. Block; 4. Rockfall; 5. Debris Flow; 6. Creep; 7. Lateral Spread; 8. Debris avalanche; 9. Other. Chronological information is presented as calendar age BP. Confidence is defined as follows: 1. High: Sampled feature with good age and palaeoenvironmental control. 2. Sampled feature with poor or none age and palaeoenvironmental control. 3. Constructed by remote sensing data only. 4. Low: Reasonable without any direct evidence.

Submarine Earthquakes Points
Locations of relevant events delivered by National Partners and not reported on the Seismic Portal (EMSC website).

Submarine Fluid Emissions Points (100k)
Fluid emissions of non volcanic origin and mud-volcanoes on seafloors, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Points represent areas smaller than 4 hectares. (for larger areas, see fluid emissions polygons layer) Note: blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Submarine Fluid Emissions Points (250k)
Submarine mud-volcanoes and fluid emissions of non volcanic origin, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Note: Project is ongoing and the work is in progress; blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Submarine Fluid Emissions Polygons (100k)
Fluid emissions of non volcanic origin and mud-volcanoes on seafloors, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Polygons represent areas larger than 4 hectares. (for smaller areas, see fluid emissions points layer) Note: blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Submarine Fluid Emissions Polygons (250k)
Submarine mud-volcanoes and fluid emissions of non volcanic origin, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Note: Project is ongoing and the work is in progress; blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Submarine Landslides Lines (100k)
Submarine landslides scarps, detected on the seabed, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Note: blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Submarine Landslides Lines (250k)
Submarine landslides scarps, detectable on the seabed, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Note: Project is ongoing and the work is in progress; blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Submarine Landslides Points (100k)
Submarine landslides, detected on the seabed, outcropping or buried, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Points represent landslide areas smaller than 4 hectares. (for larger areas, see submarine landslides polygons layer) Note: blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Submarine Landslides Points (250k)
Submarine landslides, visible on the seabed, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Points refer to landslide areas smaller than 60 hectares. Note: Project is ongoing and the work is in progress; blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence

Submarine Landslides Polygons (100k)
Submarine landslides, detected on the seabed, outcropping or buried, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Locally polygons are extended on land to include the subaerial portions and/or origin of the landslides. Polygons represent areas larger than 4 hectares. (for smaller areas, see submarine landslides points layer) Note: blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Submarine Landslides Polygons (250k)
Submarine landslides, detectable on the seabed, outcropping or buried, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Locally landslides are extended on land to include their origin. Note: blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Submarine Volcanoes Lines (100k)
Submarine volcanic structures and eruption centers, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Lines represent eruptive fissures or borders of lava flows. Note: blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Submarine Volcanoes Lines (250k)
Submarine volcanoes, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Lines refer to eruptive fissures or borders of lava flows. Note: Project is ongoing and the work is in progress; blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Submarine Volcanoes Points (100k)
Submarine volcanic structures and eruption centers including hydrothermal activity, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Points represent areas smaller than 4 hectares. (for larger areas, see volcanoes polygons layer) or additional culminations of volcanic structures. Note: blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Submarine Volcanoes Points (250k)
Submarine volcanoes, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Points refer to specific morphotypes or areas smaller than 60 hectares. Note: Project is ongoing and the work is in progress; blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Submarine Volcanoes Polygons (100k)
Submarine volcanic structures and eruption centers including hydrothermal activity, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Locally polygons are extended on land to include the emerged portions of the volcanoes. Polygons represent areas larger than 4 hectares. (for smaller areas, see volcanoes points layer) Note: blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Submarine Volcanoes Polygons (250k)
Submarine volcanoes, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Locally occurrences include their emerged portions. Note: Project is ongoing and the work is in progress; blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Submerged Forest - points
Submerged forest is defined as the in situ remains of trees (especially tree stumps) that now lie submerged beneath a bay, sea, ocean, lake, or other body of water. Chronological information on method used (e.g. dendrochronology, radiocarbon dating, based on indirect evidence etc.) and age as calendar age BP is included where known. Confidence is defined as follows: 1. High: Sampled feature with good age and palaeoenvironmental control. 2. Sampled feature with poor or none age and palaeoenvironmental control. 3. Constructed by remote sensing data only. 4. Low: Reasonable without any direct evidence.

Submerged Forest - polygons
Submerged forest is defined as the in situ remains of trees (especially tree stumps) that now lie submerged beneath a bay, sea, ocean, lake, or other body of water. Chronological information on method used (e.g. dendrochronology, radiocarbon dating, based on indirect evidence etc.) and age as calendar age BP is included where known. Confidence is defined as follows: 1. High: Sampled feature with good age and palaeoenvironmental control. 2. Sampled feature with poor or none age and palaeoenvironmental control. 3. Constructed by remote sensing data only. 4. Low: Reasonable without any direct evidence.

Submerged Landscapes
Sea level is known to have fluctuated by more than 100 metres over repeated glacial cycles resulting in recurring exposure, inundation and migration of coastlines not only across Europe, but worldwide. Landscape response to these changes in sea level, and the preservation of these features on continental shelves around Europe, are an invaluable resource for improving our understanding of human history and environmental change over geological time. More than 10,000 features representing 26 classes of submerged landscape and palaeoenvironmental indicator ranging from mapped and modelled palaeocoastlines, evidence for submerged forests and peats, thickness of post-Last Glacial Maximum sediments and submerged freshwater springs have been collated

Submerged Peat
Submerged accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter. Chronological information is presented as calendar age BP. Confidence is defined as follows: 1. High: Sampled feature with good age and palaeoenvironmental control. 2. Sampled feature with poor or none age and palaeoenvironmental control. 3. Constructed by remote sensing data only, 4. Low: Reasonable without any direct evidence

Subsurface infrastructure
Any subsurface installations, which might lead to conflicts with drilling wells and borehole heat exchangers.

Sulfur cycling in subduction zones: Central American arc dataset (NERC Grant NE/T010940/1)
This dataset contains major, trace, and volatile element contents, and sulfur isotope ratio data measured in silicate glasses found in volcanic rocks from the Central American Volcanic Arc. The files have been first published as supplementary data in: Taracsák et al. (2023): Sulfur from the subducted slab dominates the sulfur budget of the mantle wedge under volcanic arcs, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 601:117948 The data is also accessable via the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117948

Sulphides - Economically important geochemical messengers from the mantle (NERC Grant NE/L010828/1)
The project is aimed at understanding how a number of economically and geologically important chemical elements partition themselves between the silicates of the outer parts of the Earth and sulphides, minerals and liquids rich in sulphur. Although sulphur is not very abundant in the Earth, it has a powerful impact on the behaviour of a wide range of elements in Earth's crust and underlying mantle. For example, the majority of ore bodies rich in nickel, copper, gold and platinum are sulphides. Many of them are formed when sulphides separate from molten silicates in volcanic areas. A principal aim of my project is to experimentally reproduce the conditions under which sulphides separate and to determine how they extract the economically important elements from the host volcanic rocks. A second aim is to use my experimental results to determine whether or not a large mass of sulphide was extracted from the molten earth early in its history (4500 million years ago) and dissolved into the metallic core. In order to study how elements are distributed into sulphide I perform experiments at high pressures and temperatures, typically 15000 atmospheres pressure and 1400 degrees C in a large hydraulic press. After treatment at high pressure and temperature, the samples (typically about 1x1x1 millimeters) are rapidly cooled to room temperature and pressure and examined using a range of microanalytical techniques. The latter enables me to resolve chemical composition on the scale of 10 microns (or 10 millionth's of a meter).

Sulphur isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Sulphur (S), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Sulphur isotope data for TeaSe Project (NERC grant NE/L001764/1)
Pyrite samples from selected sedimentary organic-rich formations or associated igneous and metamorphic rocks were analysed by conventional S isotopic analysis. Pyrites were measured in order to provide insights into their origin. Light and variable S isotope compositions in pyrite have been used to infer the influence of sulphate-reducing bacteria (and subsequent Se precipitation by sulphate-reducing microbes), whereas heavier S isotope compositions indicate a non-biological origin (i.e. physical and chemical diagenesis).

Sumatra Regional Geochemistry
Regional Geochemical data from drainage basin reconnaissance survey carried out as part of a bilateral aid project between the UK Department for International development (DFID) (formerly ODA) and the Indonesian Government. Some 23,000 stream sediment samples collected and analysed (less than 80 mesh fraction) for Copper, Lead, Zinc, Cobalt, Nickel, Manganese, Silver, Arsenic, Molybdenum, Tin and Tungsten (partial extraction) and Lithium, Potassium, Chromium and Iron (total extraction). Samples collected and classified on the basis of 1:250 000 map quadrangle areas. Data gathering completed in two phases: First phase: North of the equator (North Sumatra Project, NSP). Second phase: South of the equator (Southern Sumatra Geological and mineral exploration Project). Sampling and analytical methodology has been consistent throughout. All data is available as on the Sumatra CD-database CD-ROM. North of the equator data published as 1:250 000 single element classified symbol plots and as a monochrome geochemical atlas. South of the equator data published as 1:250 000 single element proportional symbol plots and a geochemical atlas (hardcopy and CD-ROM). Projects also involved regional geological mapping and in Southern Sumatra regional geophysics (gravity). Raw data can be obtained from the Directorate of Mineral Resources, Bandung, Indonesia.

Superficial Aquifer Productivity Scotland version 1
The dataset describes the potential of superficial deposit aquifers across Scotland to sustain various levels of borehole water supply, based on four productivity classes: high; moderate to high; moderate; and a category to signify that a deposit is 'not a significant aquifer'. All superficial deposits aquifers in Scotland are assumed to have primarily intergranular groundwater flow. The dataset is a tool to indicate the location and productivity of superficial deposit aquifers across Scotland. It may have several uses, including in policy analysis and development; to prioritise aquifer and site investigations; to inform planning decisions; and to improve awareness of groundwater in general. The complexity and heterogeneity of geological formations means that the dataset is only a guide. It is designed to be used at a scale of 1:100,000, and not to assess aquifer conditions at a single point. Latest version : Superficial Aquifer Productivity Scotland version 2

Superficial Aquifer Productivity Scotland version 2
The Superficial Aquifer Productivity Scotland dataset forms part of the BGS Hydrogeological Maps of Scotland data product. This product is comprised of three datasets: Bedrock Aquifer Productivity Scotland; Superficial Aquifer Productivity Scotland; and Groundwater Vulnerability Scotland. Aquifer productivity is a measure of the potential of aquifers to sustain a borehole water supply. The Superficial Aquifer Productivity Scotland dataset version 2 (2015) indicates the location and productivity of superficial aquifers across Scotland, and their groundwater flow characteristics. Developed as a tool to support groundwater resource management, the dataset provides a guide to aquifer characteristics at a regional scale, and may be useful to anyone interested in learning more about, assessing or managing groundwater resources across Scotland. The dataset is delivered at 1: 100 000 scale; the resolution of the dataset being 50 m and the smallest detectable feature 100 m.

Superficial Deposit Thickness dataset (1km Hex-Grid)
This dataset shows the variation of the thickness of Superficial (Quaternary age) deposits across Great Britain. The data are presented as a vector map of interlocking hexagon cells (side length 1km, area c.2.6 Km2) covering the landmass of Great Britain as a regular grid. Each hexagon cell is attributed with a series of statistics about the thickness of the underlying Quaternary units (e.g. average); additional information relating to the thickness models and the coverage of underpinning data is provided. The data is all derived by spatially summarising the information originally created for the high-resolution Superficial Deposit Thickness Model (a 50m cell size raster model of thickness, first published in 2010).

Superficial Deposits Thickness Models, SDTM
A series of tiled models of superficial thickness covering the UK. The models are derived by direct modelling (natural neighbour interpolation) of BGS Borehole records and BGS Digmap. For the purposes of modelling, superficial deposits include sediments deposited during the Quaternary, subsequent Holocene rivers and coastal systems and also modern anthropogenic material. i.e. deposits that are less than 2.6 million years old. Grids are overprinted with a minimum value so that areas where no bore data is present, but drift is known to occur are given a minimum 1.5m thickness. The superficial thickness models have been created as baseline datasets for the BGS Geohazard programme. They represent the first attempt by BGS to create nationwide models of such data and the models provide only a simple, mathematical interpretation of reality. The complexity of Superficial deposits in Great Britain is such that it is only possible to model indicative values of thickness and elevation. The models should never be used as a substitute for thorough site investigation.

Superficial Geology of Finland 1:1M
The map of Quaternary deposits of Finland at 1:1 000 000 scale depicts the main features of the Quaternary geology of Finland. The dataset consists of areas defined according to deposit type and genesis.

Superficial Geology of The Netherlands
This map shows the sediments close to the surface (or sea bottom), down to a depth of about 5 meters. This map is based on existing maps of the former Rijks Geologische Dienst and, where necessary, supplemented by unpublished data. The sediments are classified according to the new lithostratigraphical legend used by TNO since 1997. This classification is based on lithological and seismological properties, and on stratigraphic position and origin.
The age of the sediments is not taken into account in this classification.

Supplemental data for 'Pore network model predictions of Darcy-scale multiphase flow heterogeneity validated by experiments'
Grant: ACT ELEGANCY, Project No 271498. This repository includes CMG simulation input and output files, processed micro-CT data, figure 3 data and plot, pore network modeling sensitivity examples

Supplemental data for 'Pore network model predictions of Darcy-scale multiphase flow heterogeneity validated by experiments'
Grant: ACT ELEGANCY, Project No 271498. This repository includes CMG simulation input and output files, processed micro-CT data, and pore network modelling sensitivity examples. CMG simulation, Matlab image and data processing

Supporting data for 'DFENS: Diffusion chronometry using Finite Elements and Nested Sampling' (NERC Grant NE/L002507/1)
This is supporting data for the manuscript entitled 'DFENS: Diffusion chronometry using Finite Elements and Nested Sampling' by E. J. F. Mutch, J. Maclennan, O. Shorttle, J. F. Rudge and D. Neave. Preprint here: https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10503709.1 Data Set S1. ds01.csv Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) profile data of olivine crystals used in this study. Standard deviations are averaged values of standard deviations from counting statistics and repeat measurements of secondary standards. Data Set S2. ds02.csv Plagioclase compositional profiles used in this study, including SIMS, EPMA and step scan data. Standard deviations for EPMA analyses are averaged values of standard deviations from counting statistics and repeat measurements of secondary standards. Standard deviations for SIMS and step scan analyses are based on analytical precision of secondary standards. Data Set S3. ds03.csv Angles between the EPMA profile and the main olivine crystallographic axes measured by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). 'angle100X' is the angle between the [100] crystallographic axis and the x direction of the EBSD map, 'angle100Y' is the angle between [100] crystallographic axis and the y direction of the EBSD map, and 'angle100Z' is the angle between the [100] crystallographic axis and the z direction in the EBSD map etc. 'angle100P' is the angle between the EPMA profile and the [100] crystallographic axis, 'angle010P' is the angle between the EPMA profile and the [010] crystallographic axis, and 'angle100P' is the angle between the EPMA profile and the [001] crystallographic axis. All angles are in degrees. Data Set S4. ds04.csv Median timescales and 1 sigma errors from the olivine crystals of this study. The +1 sigma (days) is the quantile value calculated at 0.841 (i.e. 0.5 + (0.6826 / 2)). The -1 sigma (days) is therefore the quantile calculated at approximately 0.158 (which is 1 - 0.841). The 2 sigma is basically the same but it is 0.5 + (0.95/2). The value quoted as the +1 sigma (error) is the difference between the upper 1 sigma quantile and the median. Likewise the -1 sigma (error) is the difference between the median and the lower 1 sigma quantile. Data Set S5. ds05.xlsx Median timescales and 1 sigma errors from the plagioclase crystals of this study. Results from each of the parameterisations of the Mg-in-plagioclase diffusion data are included: Faak et al, (2013), Van Orman et al., (2014) and a combined expression. Data Set S6. ds06.xlsx Spreadsheet containing the regression parameters and covariance matrices used in this study and in Mutch et al. (2019). Additional versions of the olivine regressions where the ln fO2 is expressed in Pa have been made for completeness. We recommend using the versions where ln fO2 is expressed in its native form (bars).

Supporting data for the paper 'Small-scale capillary heterogeneity linked to rapid plume migration during CO2 storage' by S.J. Jackson and S. Krevor 2020 (NERC Grant NE/N016173/1)
Herein lies the supporting data for the paper 'Small-scale capillary heterogeneity linked to rapid plume migration during CO2 storage'. We supply experimental, analytical and numerical simulation data used in the paper. The supplied zipped folders follow the same order as the main paper, with codes to reproduce each figure (and those in the supporting information PDF). There are also video files (in the 5_Field_scale_simulation zipped folder) showing the final CO2 plume evolution from the static images in the main paper Figure 4. Descriptions of each of the folders are given below: 0 - README. This contains detailed instructions on the data and using the supplied files. 1 - Scaling analysis. This contains the scaling analysis analytical methods, with figure generation for Figure 1 in the main paper. 2 - Petrophysics. This contains all the petrophysical experimental data, analysis files and core flood simulation files. This is used to produce Figure 2 in the main paper. 3 - Fine_resolution_simulations. This contains the simulation files, Matlab post processing files and figure generation for the fine resolution simulations, presented in Figure 3 in the main paper. 4 - MIP_upscaling. This contains simulations files, Matlab post processing files and figure generation for the macroscopic invasion percolation scheme. The results of this are presented in the supporting information document. 5 - Field_scale_simulation. This contains the simulations files, Matlab post processing files and figure generation for the final field scale simulations in the main manuscript Figure 4 and in the supporting information. In each folder are separate READMEs containing specific information relevant for the included files.

Supporting data from publication: Data from: Hill et al. 2019 Evolution of jaw disparity in fishes (NERC grant NE/P013090/1)
Supporting data from paper: Hill et al. 2019 Evolution of jaw disparity in fishes. Palaeontology 61: 847-854. The data consists of two files: (1) an Excel spreadsheet listing the taxa used in the study, specimen number, clade, age; (2) a Word document outlining the data collection and analysis procedure used in the study.

Surface and Meteorological Data at Huab River Valley, Skeleton Coast National Park, Namibia in September 2019 (NERC grant NE/R010196/1)
Wind, sediment transport and surface/saltation data collected at Huab River Valley during a field campaign in September 2019 to investigate saltation on gravel and sand surfaces. Surface/saltation data: This is terrestrial laser scanned (TLS) data collected over sand and gravel surfaces during multiple days when saltation was active, on a surface approximately 8 m from the TLS, perpendicular to the wind direction. The data is raw point cloud format in text columns of x, y and z coordinate data. Files are named *_^_scan& where * is the date that the data was collected in yymmdd format, ^ is surface type (sand or gravel) and & is the scan number. Each data set uses the same coordinate system. Data can be viewed in any spatial software. Wind and sediment data were collected from a fixed point on each surface, directly downwind of the TLS data. The data is in csv file format with column titles and can be viewed in any text or database software. Data include hot wire measurements at different heights, Wenglor counts, sensit counts and 3D sonic measurements on some days. Sonic data is at 10 Hz, hotwire data at 10 second intervals, transport data is given within both datasets.

Surface and Meteorological Data at Medano Creek, Great Sand Dunes National Park, Colorado, USA on 15th April 2019 (NERC grant NE/R010196/1)
Wind and surface morphological data collected at Medano Creek on the 15th April 2019 to investigate protodune initiation. Surface morphological data: This is terrestrial laser scanned (TLS) data collected of the creek sand surface using three different co-located Leica TLS (C10, P20 and P50). The data is raw point cloud format in text columns of x, y and z coordinate data. It has been orientation into the same local coordinate system. Each data set uses the same coordinate system. Data can be viewed in any spatial software. Data is labelled using C10, P20 or P50, followed by the scan number. Scan times are indicated in a seperate file. Wind data were collected from a fixed point next to the TLS instruments using a Gill 3D sonic anemometer. The data is in csv file format with column titles and can be viewed in any text or database software.

Surface and Meteorological Data at Sand Creek, Great Sand Dunes National Park, Colorado, USA in March and April 2019 (NERC Grant NE/R010196/1)
Wind, sediment transport and surface morphological data collected at Sand Creek during a month long field campaign in March and April 2019 to investigate protodune development under bimodal winds. Data is used in the accepted paper ‘Dune initiation in a bimodal wind regime’, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, by Delorme, P., Wiggs, G.F.S., Baddock, M.C., Claudin, P., Nield, J.M. and Valdez, A. (accepted 18th September 2020, article reference number 2020JF005757R; Surface morphological data: This is terrestrial laser scanned (TLS) data collected of the creek sand surface during multiple visits. The data is raw point cloud format in text columns of x, y and z coordinate data. It has been orientation in local format (the origin is located at 13UTM 443152, 4184478). *_full_lowres cover the whole creek surface and the banks on either side. * is the date that the data was collected in yymmdd format. All other data is high resolution section of the actual creek surface within the channel. Each data set uses the same coordinate system. Data can be viewed in any spatial software. Wind and sediment data were collected from a fixed point on the eastern edge of the creek channel. The data is in csv file format with column titles and can be viewed in any text or database software. See Delorme et al. (accepted) for more details.

Surface and Meteorological Data of Protodune Dynamics at Brancaster Beach, UK on 12th August 2016 (NERC Grant NE/R010196/1)
This dataset includes raw point cloud data from repeat terrestrial laser scans (TLS) for a field of protodunes that developed on Brancaster Beach over a three hour period. As well as the TLS data, additional measurements of the wind speed through a 2D sonic and sediment transport on the beach and over a study protodune were collected using Wenglor fork sensors. Details on some of the methods can be found in Baddock et al. (2017; DOI: 10.1002/esp.4242). Grain size of sand on the protodune in 2016 is also included along with grain size data of saltating grains at the same site in 2019 collected using Bagnold traps.

Surface and Meteorological Data of Protodune Dynamics at Helga's Interdune Area, Gobabeb, Namib Desert, Namibia on 13th September 2022 (NERC Grant NE/R010196/1)
This dataset includes raw point cloud data from repeat terrestrial laser scans (TLS) for a field of protodunes that initiated and developed on a desert gravel interdune surface close to Helga's dune at Gobabeb, Namibia. As well as the TLS data, additional measurements of the wind speed through a CSAT 3D sonic anemometer and sediment transport using a Sensit.

Surface and Meteorological Data of Ripple and Saltation Dynamics at Medano Creek Area, Great Sand Dunes National Park, Colorado, USA on 5-11th April 2022 (NERC Grant NE/R010196/1)
This dataset includes raw point cloud data from repeat terrestrial laser scans (TLS) for dry rippled and moist sandy surfaces in the Medano Creek area at Great Sand Dunes National Park, Colorado, USA. As well as the TLS data, additional measurements of the wind speed through a CSAT 3D sonic anemometer and sediment transport using a Sensit and Wenglor fork sensors.

Surface and Meteorological Data of Saltation and Ripple Dynamics at Huab Dune Field, Skeleton Coast National Park, Namibia 2014, 2016 and 2018
This dataset includes raw point cloud data from repeat terrestrial laser scans (TLS) of rippled surfaces on barchan and dome dunes within the Huab Dune Field, Skeleton Coast National Park, Namibia. This raw data can be used to extract saltation height dynamics as well as 3D ripple data including celerity. As well as the TLS data, additional measurements of the wind speed through a CSAT 3D sonic anemometer or cup anemometer and sediment transport using a Sensit and Wenglor gate sensor.

Surface data from SAFIRE drill site, Store Glacier, Greenland (NERC grant NE/K006126/1)
2014 and 2016 time series of automatic weather station (AWS) data (Dataset 1) and (ii) GPS data (Dataset 2) at the location of the SAFIRE research project, Store Glacier, Greenland.

Surface Geology of Denmark 1:25.000
This digital soil map shows the geology 1 meter below surface, just beneath ploughing- and culture layers. The map is digitized from redrafted maps originating from fieldwork, where soil samples are collected using a charting spear in a 100 m grid throughout the country. This map is a result of systematic geological mapping, and is an ongoing effort.
This version 4.0 from 2015 classifies 88 % of Denmark's area. The legend shows 82 different soil types. The map is used for research, in relation to environmental analysis and planning of construction works, and as a basis for soil quality maps.
The map is published in GEUS report 2015/30,
where further information can be found.

Surface Geology of Estonia 1:1 000 000
The dataset has been created by combining, generalizing and vectorizing information from maps of bedrock and Quaternary sediments of at 1:200 000 and 1:50 000 scales. The areas depicted on the map correspond in age, genetic type and lithological composition to the sediments and rocks lying directly under the topsoil layer. In other words, the map shows the distribution and composition of Quaternary sediments, including small alvar areas with bedrock outcrops.

Surface Geology of Finland 1:1M
The dataset incorporating information about the surface geology of Finland is a seamless presentation of the surface geology depicting the distribution of both Quaternary and Pre-Quaternary deposits. Soil cover is omitted. The bedrock outcrops in the map of Superficial Geology at a scale of 1:1M are replaced by data from the Bedrock Map of Finland at a scale of 1:1M.

Surface Geology of Ireland 1:1Million
The dataset for the Surface Geology of Ireland at a scale of 1:1M was created by generalizing Quaternary mapping at a scale of 1:50 000 published by the GSI and incorporating information from 1:70 000 scale digital mapping of the subsoil by Teagasc.

Surface Gology of Hungary at 1:1000 000 scale (INSPIRE download service WFS 2.0)
This service is an INSPIRE download WFS service, providing surface geological data at 1:1000 000 scale. GeoServer software is used to provide this WFS service. This service is delivering MappedFeatures specified by GeologicUnits, the geological history of which is recorded by GeologicEvents.

Surface charge and growth of sulphate and carbonate green rust in aqueous media, paper and associated data (NERC grant NE/I005862/1)
Paper, Surface charge and growth of sulphate and carbonate green rust in aqueous media, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta and associated data. NERC grant: Re-inventing the planet: The Neoproterozoic revolution in oxygenation, biogeochemistry and biological complexity

Survey on mine-water geothermal in Poland
The study in three coal mining regions: Lower Silesia, Upper Silesia and Lublin (each N=500) was conducted using Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI). The questionnaire includes the block of questions concerning mine water awareness, climate change and local/place attachment. The survey online took 15 to 20 minutes and was prepared after in-depth pilot research among participants with different education level from the mining regions. We used the uninformed approach to the survey, so there were no additional questions nor requirements for participants prior to the survey. Since the mine water energy extraction is a technical issue that is neither well known nor commonly used in the narratives of Poles, we tested survey questions with pilot cognitive interviews to remove the technical language and reduce the number of replies without understanding. The interviews were conducted with 10 participants in July 2020 and due to the pilot's recommendations and results, we implemented additional changes in the final version of the questionnaire. Specifically, some questions were simplified and the background information on mine water extraction was simplified and shortened The survey CAWI was completed by adult people aged 18-65 (N=1500) between 14-19 August 2020 by Kantar Research Agency. The sample was constructed using KANTAR’s internet panel profiled for the basic demographics, such as gender, age, and the town size. Particular attention paid to the quality of the panel is reflected in its structure. Kantar’s internet panel reflects the profile of the Polish population of Internet users in terms of its participants’ demographic characteristics. The sample from each region was 500 respondents and among the full sample (N=1500) we reached only 192 people who chose to call “mining areas” as best description of the area where they live. Although the three voivodships were chosen due to its mining industry the selected sample covers the region in general in which mining communities are statically not fully represented. We also asked about the subjective perception of the area respondents live in, which we further analysed with spatial distribution. The dataset was created within SECURe project (Subsurface Evaluation of CCS and Unconventional Risks) - https://www.securegeoenergy.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 764531

Susceptibility
Likelihood of occurrence (below seafloor) of marine hydrates in the sediment column, and subsequently the likelihood of them being affected by dissociation processes resulting from natural or human-induced activities (liquefaction, explosions, collapse, crater-like depressions or submarine landslides). Reference: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062865

Susceptibility, hysteresis, coercivity, isothermal remanent magnetisation and thermomagnetic curve Rock Magnetic data measured at University of Liverpool (NERC Grant NE/P00170X/1)
Rock magnetic data corresponding to demagnetisation (LIV_DEMAG) and paleointensity (LIV_PI) data submitted as part of this grant. This data is divided into two subfolders, "Kappabridge" and "VFTB", corresponding to the instrument used to acquire the data. Those folders each contain one or more folders labelled with a four letter code, corresponding to a specific locality and/or experiment type, matching the letter codes in LIV_DEMAG and LIV_PI. The Kappabridge folders then contain raw data files of temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility, and the VFTB folders contain raw data files of hysteresis, coercivity, isothermal remanent magnetisation and thermomagnetic curve measurements. CFEH corresponds to clinker samples from USA attempting to isolate an Epsilon Hematite phase. LPRM are data from Kinghorn and Wormit Bay volcanics in Scotland, ~330 Ma, specifically for samples given a lab TRM at 80uT and a PRM at 80uT. WTBY are Devonian volcanics from Wormit Bay, sampled in 2015. YDSR are data from Yandiniling Dike Swarm, Yilgarn Craton in Australia, sampled Nov 2018.

Synthetic and experimental friction data processed with steadystate.m
This dataset contains raw data from synthetic and experimental velocity steps analyzed using the MATLAB routine ‘steadystate.m’, as presented by Giacomel, P., Faulkner, D.R., Lambert, V., Allen, M.J (2024): ‘steadystate: A MATLAB-based routine for determining steady-state friction conditions in the framework of rate- and state- friction analysis’ – GSA, Geosphere. The data is provided in .zip folder containing the Velocity Steps and the outputs from steadystate.m, along with the scripts used to generate the figures shown in the Manuscript and Supplementary Material. The folder ‘Velocity_Steps’ notably contains the complete suite of mechanical data (subfolder ‘Mechanical_Data), the modelled rate- and state- friction parameters (subfolder ‘Modelled_RSF_Parameters SlipLaw’) obtained by assuming steady state at different displacements, as well as the linear detrended end members (i.e., at short to large displacements) fitted via inverse modelling (subfolder ‘Detrended_Velocity_Steps + Fit-Inversions’). Such observations were foundational for the development of the steadystate.m routine. Each subfolder is accompanied by a README.txt file that reports on the link between the raw .txt data with the MATLAB scripts generating the associated figures. For the sepiolite fault gouge used during the friction velocity steps, please refer to: Sánchez-Roa, C., Jiménez-Millán, J., Abad, I., Faulkner, D. R., Nieto, F., and García-Tortosa, F. J., 2016, Fibrous clay mineral authigenesis induced by fluid-rock interaction in the Galera fault zone (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain) and its influence on fault gouge frictional properties: Applied Clay Science, v. 134, p. 275-288.

Synthetic seismic waveforms of Ultra-Low Velocity Zone Earthmodels (NERC grant NE/H022473/1)
Dataset contains 3D synthetic seismic waveforms for axisymmetric global Earth velocity models. The waveforms were calculated using the finite difference approach with the PSVAxi algorithm (Jahnke, G et al., 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03744.x). The Earthmodels are 1D and use PREM parameters except close to the core-mantle boundary (CMB) where 3D ultra-low velocity zones (ULVZs) are added to the PREM background model. ULVZ are thin layers of strongly reduced seismic velocities located at the CMB that have been observed in several regions of the Earth. The dataset models interaction of the seismic wavefield with ULVZ structure with varying elastic parameters (P-wave, S-wave velocity, density), location (location at source or receiver side along the great circle path), ULVZ length, shape (box, Gaussian, trapezoid) and height. Detailed description of the approach and the model space are given in Vanacore et al, (2016). Data format is SAC (Seismic Analysis Code). Vanacore, E.A., Rost, S., Thorne, M.S., 2016. Ultralow-velocity zone geometries resolved by multidimensional waveform modelling. Geophys. J. Int. 206, 659–674. doi:10.1093/gji/ggw114

Synthetic waveforms from splitting study (NERC grant NE/K005669/1)
Synthetic seismic waveforms computed using the spectral element method for 1-D and 3-D Earth models for a variety of scenarios of structures in the deep Earth's interior.

System of management and protection of mineral resources in Poland MIDAS
The database containing information on mineral and energy resources of Poland and the exploitation of deposits. It provides access to information on: - deposits (deposits details, data on raw material, deposits resources and output); - mining areas and mining countries as well as related concessions; - mineral resources management (domestic export and import of ra materials, world production, demand, export and import of selected raw materials); - deposits location on the map of Poland.

t-Group viruses groundwater urban poor settlements Sub-Sahara Africa (NERC Grant NE/M008045/1)
In this study data were collected from viruses in groundwater from urban poor settlements in Arusha, Tanzania, Dodowa (Accra), Ghana, and Kampala, Uganda. The published Open Access paper can be viewed here https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsestwater.0c00306

T - Topography (DRASTIC)
The aquifer media layer is created by calculation of the slope value from the national topographic data. S values were classified into DRASTIC S values from 1-10. Due the generally flat topography, the majority of the catchment is assigned the higher ‘T’-values.

T - Topography (DRASTIC)
The topography layer is created by calculation of the slope value from the national topographic data. S values were classified into DRASTIC S values from 1-10. Due the generally flat topography, the majority of the catchment is assigned the higher ‘T’-values.

T - Topography/slope (DRASTIC)
T layer represents topographical information, where calculation of the slope was effectuated and represented in rasterfile, reclassified into T index values.

T - Topography/slope (DRASTIC)
T layer represents topographical information, where calculation of the slope was effectuated and represented in rasterfile, reclassified into T index values. The highest values correspond to low slope areas (alluvial aquifers) and the highest values correspond to steepest areas in mountains.

factor T of DRASTIC groundwater vulnerability of Traun-Enns-Platte/AUSTRIA

Topography/slope, for Sarmatian aquifer in Dobrogea de Sud, Romania

TACTIC groundwater, Pilot study areas WP3
Assessments of climate change impacts on groundwater and associated surface water conditions at the pilot scale.

Tantalum CBA favourability map of Europe
Cell based associations (CBA) prospectivity map for tantalum in Europe.

Tantalum isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Tantalum (Ta), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Tantalum metallogenic map of Europe
Overview map showing the approximate extent of the key Tantalum metallogenic areas in Europe.

Tarmac Marine Geophysical Records from Aggregate Industry Surveys (1989 - 2004)
Scanned geophysical records, reports and track charts from Tarmac (previously Lafarge Tarmac) aggregate industry marine surveys 1989 to 2004. The geophysical records include boomer seismic and side scan sonar data of varying quality. All records from 44 boxes of paper records have been scanned at BGS and are delivered online along with any additional digital file such as reports or data files. The data are stored as part of the National Geoscience Data Centre (NGDC) and the Marine Environmental Data and Information Network (MEDIN) Data Archive Centre (DAC) for Geology and Geophysics.

Tasiilaq hydrothermal graphite, nitrogen content (NERC Grant NE/V010824/1)
Measurements of the nitrogen content of hydrothermal graphite deposits and associated silicate rocks. The samples are of Paleoproterozoic age and allow constraining the behavior of nitrogen in abiotic hydrothermal graphite-forming systems. The results provide context for evaluating the biogenicity of Eoarchean graphite. More details are presented in Stüeken, E.E., Szilas, K. and van Hinsberg, V.J., 2023, Chemical Geology, 617, p.121274.

Teaching Pack of Digital Geological Data (GeoScholar)
GeoScholar is a set of free geological data - available in GIS format - for UK universities and the higher education sector, to support teaching and learning within the geosciences. The dataset includes digital geological map data from BGS, aerial photos from Infoterra, NEXTmap digital terrain model from Intermap Technologies, borehole data and their corresponding logs, several BGS geological map sheets. Each Geoscholar teaching package will include 12 different geographical regions, including Assynt, Coniston and South West Wales.

Tectonic boundaries in Albania
Faults in Albania, visualized in the Geological Map, at a scale of 1: 200 000. Explanatory text of the Geological Map at a scale of 1: 200 000.

Tectonic boundaries in Austria
Faults, shearzones and nappe boundaries in Austria as they appear in the GeoERA HIKE European fault data base

Tectonic boundaries in Bavaria
Inventory of principal faults, shear zones, etc. in Bavaria (w/o Alpine domain)

Tectonic boundaries in Belgium
Faults and tectonic boundaries in Belgium at various scales.

Tectonic boundaries in Brandenburg
Inventory of faults and tectonic boundaries in Brandenburg at regional scale (approx. 1:200.000 - 1:1.000.000)

Tectonic boundaries in Denmark
Inventory of faults and tectonic boundaries in Denmark at various regional scales

Tectonic boundaries in France
French Structural Map at national (1:1.000.000) and regional (1:50.000) scales

Tectonic boundaries in Germany
Inventory of generalized faults and tectonic boundaries such as associated structural regions in Germany, presented at following scales: 1.) German onshore (1: 2.500.000 - 1: 500000), 2.) Baltic Sea (1:1000000 - 1:250000), 3.) Central German North Sea (1:1000000 - 1:100000), 4.) Entenschnabel region - The northwestern German North Sea sector (1:1000000 - 1:50000).

Tectonic boundaries in Iceland
Faults and fissures in Iceland at scale 1:600.000

Tectonic boundaries in Italy
Faults, fault systems, lineaments and tectonic domains in Italy at scale 1.1.000.000; locally faults mapped at more detailed scale (up to 1:25.000) are added.

Tectonic boundaries in Lithuania
Fault domains, subdomains, fault systems, faults, fault chains in Lithuania at scale 1 : 500 000

Tectonic boundaries in Portugal
Faults represented in the Geological Map of Portugal, at 1:1 000 000 scale

Tectonic boundaries in Saxony-Anhalt
Inventory of faults and tectonic boundaries in Saxony-Anhalt at various regional scales

Tectonic boundaries in Slovenia
Faults in Slovenia displayed in the HIKE European fault database.

Tectonic boundaries in the Netherlands
Faults in the Netherlands at national scale

Tectonic boundaries in Ukraine
Faults and nappe boundaries in Ukraine at scale 1:1.000.000

Tectonic Map of Switzerland 1:500,000
The Tectonic Map of Switzerland at 1:500,000 scale depicts the large-scale structural and tectonic units which enable a better understanding of the geological makeup of the Alps.

Tectonic Map of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands scale 1:1.000.000
The Tectonic Map of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands has been made according to the guidelines given by the elaboration of the International Tectonic Map of Europe in the 1960s. The principles of representation adopted in this map have a double purpose: to differentiate the major structural elements of the earth's crust, and to record the earth's dynamics in the past. Map of the geographical distribution of the large structural units of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands classified into two large groups: platform areas and orogens, from which three units have been derived: Hercynian Mountains, Alpine Mountains and Platform, Mesozoic and Tertiary areas. The cartographic units represented have been delimited based on their temporal relationships with the age of deformation, in the case of the Cordilleras. The structural relations between the units are reflected by the trace of the large folding structures and the faults. The different degrees of metamorphism to which the different rock groups have been subjected are also included.

Tellurium and Selenium Project - Colorado Data (NERC Grant NE/M010848/1)
Whole rock and microanalytical geochemistry data from rocks collected from the Colorado Mineral Belt, Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Cripple Creek gold deposit (& environs) and other volcanic and intrusive bodies of the Pikes PEak - Gunnison area of Colorado.

Tellurium and Selenium project - Fiji data (NERC Grant NE/M010848/1)
Whole rock and microanalytical geochemistry data from rocks collected from the Colorado Mineral Belt, Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Cripple Creek gold deposit (& environs) and other volcanic and intrusive bodies of the Pikes PEak - Gunnison area of Colorado

Tellurium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Tellurium (Te), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

TellusSW airborne geophysical data (OGC WxS INSPIRE)
The TellusSW project acquired airborne geophysical data for the counties of Cornwall and parts of Devon and Somerset during the second half of 2013. The maps of the geophysical data and their derivatives are provided to facilitate spatial comparison with, and modelling of, the soil, geological and environmental aspects of the data. The survey comprised a high resolution magnetic/magnetic gradient survey combined with a multichannel (256 channel) radiometric survey. The survey was carried out using 200 m (N-S) line separations at a mean elevation of 91 m. The survey provided 60,323 line-km of data.

Temperature and cooling rate data for a conductively cooling 250km radius planetesimal with and without temperature-dependent material properties (NERC Grant NE/L002574/1)
The data contain the results of model of a conductively cooling planetesimal with a radius of 250 km and a core radius of 125 km. Two data files are included: one for a model run which uses constant values for thermal properties (conductivity, heat capacity, and density) while the second uses temperature-dependent functions for these properties. Further details of the model in Murphy Quinlan et al., (in prep). Four arrays are included in each of the compressed data files: mantle temperature array; core temperature array; mantle cooling-rate array; core cooling-rate array. All arrays are the same size (125 by 126229) and hold data for radii values through time, with a radius-step of 1 km and time-step of 1E11 seconds over a total time period of 400 Myr.

Temperature Maps of the British Coalfields
This dataset provides the first map and synthesis of the temperature of Britain's coalfields. It was created to support low-temperature heat recovery, cooling and storage schemes using mine water in abandoned workings. This baseline spatial mapping and synthesis of coalfield temperatures offers significant benefit to those planning, designing and regulating heat recovery and storage in Britain's abandoned coalfields. The data has been developed jointly by the Coal Authority and the British Geological Survey. It is delivered as a hexgrid representing mine water blocks, identifying equilibrium mine temperatures at 10 depth intervals (100m > 1000m) and pumped mine temperatures at 6 depth intervals (100m > 600m).

Temperatures (°C) at 1000 m below ground level
GeoMol Pilot Area Upper Austria - Upper Bavaria: Map of temperature distribution at 1000 m below ground level and position of major faults and fault zones at this level as well as data nodes for interpolation. Map derived from the 3D geological model and temperature model as prepared in the GeoMol Project. Details in the Project Report http://www.geomol.eu/report/

Temperatures (°C) at 2000 m below ground level
GeoMol Pilot Area Upper Austria - Upper Bavaria: Map of temperature distribution at 2000 m below ground level and position of major faults and fault zones at this level as well as data nodes for interpolation. Map derived from the 3D geological model and temperature model as prepared in the GeoMol Project. Details in the Project Report http://www.geomol.eu/report/

Temperatures (°C) at 3000 m below ground level
GeoMol Pilot Area Upper Austria - Upper Bavaria: Map of temperature distribution at 3000 m below ground level and position of major faults and fault zones at this level as well as data nodes for interpolation. Map derived from the 3D geological model and temperature model as prepared in the GeoMol Project. Details in the Project Report http://www.geomol.eu/report/

Tephra layer summary for Lake Abijata and Lake Langano cores, Ethiopia (NERC grant NE/L013932/1)
Tephra layer summary for Lake Abijata and Lake Langano cores, Ethiopia. Data are referenced in McNamara et al., 2018: Using Lake Sediment Cores to Improve Records of Volcanism at Aluto Volcano in the Main Ethiopian Rift; https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GC007686

Tephra occurrences offshore Japan, collected from shipboard records of IODP, ODP and DSDP sediment cores. (NERC grant NE/I006125/1)
This MS Excel dataset contains tephra depth and age data from ocean drilling expeditions around Japan. IODP, ODP and DSDP shipboard core description records were examined for mentions of volcanic ash, tephra etc., according to criteria described in Mahony et al. 2014. Data are from shipboard visual core descriptions of ocean drilling expeditions located within a few hundred km of Japan. Cores without published age-depth data are not included in this dataset. The expeditions occurred between 1973 (DSDP 31) to 2013 (IODP 346). Tephra layers are dated as being deposited between 0.003-18.5 Ma. This data will be of interest to volcanologists or anyone interested in the location of volcanic ash layers within IODP cores.

Terbium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Terbium (Tb), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Terrace - lines
Terraces are defined as a step-like landform and can be sub-divided thus: 1. Marine (1a: erosional / 1b: depositional); 2. Fluvial (2a: erosional / 2b: depositional); 3. Lacustrine (3a: erosional / 3b: depositional); 4. Other. Further information on genesis of the terrace e.g. Erosional (e.g. wave-cut platform), Depositional (e.g. fluvial margins) is presented if known. Chronological information is presented as calendar age BP. Confidence is defined as follows: 1. High: Sampled feature with good age and palaeoenvironmental control. 2. Sampled feature with poor or none age and palaeoenvironmental control. 3. Constructed by remote sensing data only. 4. Low: Reasonable without any direct evidence.

Terrace - polygons
Terraces are defined as a step-like landform and can be sub-divided thus: 1. Marine (1a: erosional / 1b: depositional); 2. Fluvial (2a: erosional / 2b: depositional); 3. Lacustrine (3a: erosional / 3b: depositional); 4. Other. Further information on genesis of the terrace e.g. Erosional (e.g. wave-cut platform), Depositional (e.g. fluvial margins) is presented if known. Chronological information is presented as calendar age BP. Confidence is defined as follows: 1. High: Sampled feature with good age and palaeoenvironmental control. 2. Sampled feature with poor or none age and palaeoenvironmental control. 3. Constructed by remote sensing data only. 4. Low: Reasonable without any direct evidence.

Terrafirma PSI legacy data service (OGC WxS)
This web service provides access to Terrafirma legacy data as WMS and WFS.
Terrafirma is a project that originated within the GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) Service Element (GSE) programme of the European Space Agency, under the name Geohazard Land Motion (Terrafirma) Services.
MapServer software is used to provide these OGC WMS and WFS services.

Terrain Movements Database (BDMOVES)
Spanish national inventory of land movements. Includes land movements of gravitational geological origin affecting Spanish territory, such as landslide movements: landslides, landslides, flows, etc., vertical movements: subsidies, collapses, expansiveness and underwater landslides. It does not include movements of tectonic origin such as those produced by earthquakes or continental drift or of volcanic origin. BD-MOVES is structured in two blocks or sets of georeferenced spatial information: the one referring to the description of the intrinsic and relatively invariable characteristics of the movement of the terrain and the one referring to the different activity events that produced these movements, including morphometry, triggering factors and damages, among other data.

Terrestrial Laser Scan data (NERC grant NE/P000010/1)
Terrestrial laser scanning data of the slopes above the A83 Rest and Be Thankful collected by a Riegl LMS Z620i instrument in 2016 after Storms Desmond and Frank from 3 positions. These data are scanner centric coordinates which the end-user needs to align and (if required) align into a global coordinate system. Data are in raw format, supplied as .las with scaled intensity included.

Terrestrial Methane Cycling During Paleogene Greenhouse Climates (NERC grant NE/J008591/1)
Supplementary material for published paper, Early Paleogene wildfires in peat-forming environments at Schoningen, Germany by BE Robson et al, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.07.016 NERC grant abstract: Human activity has led to an increase in pCO2 and methane levels from pre-industrial times to today. While the former increase is primarily due to fossil fuel burning, the increase in methane concentrations is more complex, reflecting not only direct human activity but also feedback mechanisms in the climate system related to temperature and hydrology-induced changes in methane emissions. To unravel these complex relationships, scientists are increasingly interrogating ancient climate systems. Similarly, one of the major challenges in palaeoclimate research is understanding the role of methane biogeochemistry in governing the climate of ice-free, high-pCO2 greenhouse worlds, such as during the early Paleogene (around 50Ma). The lack of proxies for methane concentrations is problematic, as methane emissions from wetlands are governed by precipitation and temperature, such that they could act as important positive or negative feedbacks on climate. In fact, the only estimates for past methane levels (pCH4) arise from our climate-biogeochemistry simulations wherein GCMs have driven the Sheffield dynamic vegetation model, from which methane fluxes have been derived. These suggest that Paleogene pCH4 could have been almost 6x modern pre-industrial levels, and such values would have had a radiative forcing effect nearly equivalent to a doubling of pCO2, an impact that could have been particularly dramatic during time intervals when CO2 levels were already much higher than today's. Thus, an improved understanding of Paleogene pCH4 is crucial to understanding both how biogeochemical processes operate on a warmer Earth and understanding the climate of this important interval in Earth history. We propose to improve, expand and interrogate those model results using improved soil biogeochemistry algorithms, conducting model sensitivity experiments and comparing our results to proxy records for methane cycling in ancient wetlands. The former will provide a better, process-orientated understanding of biogenic trace gas emissions, particularly the emissions of CH4, NOx and N2O. The sensitivity experiments will focus on varying pCO2 levels and manipulation of atmospheric parameters that dictate cloud formation; together, these experiments will constrain the uncertainty in our trace greenhouse gas estimates. To qualitatively test these models, we will quantify lipid biomarkers and determine their carbon isotopic compositions to estimate the size of past methanogenic and methanotrophic populations, and compare them to modern mires and Holocene peat. The final component of our project will be the determination of how these elevated methane (and other trace gas) concentrations served as a positive feedback on global warming. In combination our work will test the hypothesis that elevated pCO2, continental temperatures and precipitation during the Eocene greenhouse caused increased wetland GHG emissions and atmospheric concentrations with a significant feedback on climate, missing from most modelling studies to date. This work is crucial to our understanding of greenhouse climates but such an integrated approach is not being conducted anywhere else in the world; here, it is being led by international experts in organic geochemistry, climate, vegetation and atmospheric modelling, and palaeobotany and coal petrology. It will represent a major step forward in our understanding of ancient biogeochemical cycles as well as their potential response to future global warming.

Terrestrial palaeo-environmental proxy data of the Upper Pliensbachian, Mochras Borehole sediments, deposited in the Cardigan Bay Basin, Wales (NERC Grant NE/N018508/1)
Terrestrial palaeo-environmental proxy data has been collected to examine orbital changes in wildfire activity in the Early Jurassic of the Mochras Borehole, Cardigan Bay Basin, Wales. To do this a high resolution charcoal abundance dataset was created and quantified in two size fractions, microscopic charcoal (10-125 µ) and macroscopic charcoal (>125 µ). To take potential changes in riverine influx and/or organic preservation in account on the charcoal abundance, palynofacies were analysed to document all terrestrial and marine organic particles present in the samples, and next to this, X-ray fluorescence data was gathered to assess detrital output. Mass spectrometry provided information on the carbonate and Total Organic Carbon content and bulk organic carbon isotopes. This information was used to look at changes in the lithology and the carbon cycle. Finally, clay mineralogical data was obtained to look at changes in the hydrological cycle in relation to wildfire activity. This dataset spans 951-934 mbs from the Mochras borehole, which is the time equivalent of ~350 kyr, in the Margaritatus Zone of the Upper Pliensbachian. The Mochras sediments have been deposited in the Cardigan Bay Basin, Wales. At the time of deposition, this location was positioned in the Laurasian Seaway at a paleolatitude of ~35°N. These datasets were obtained at a high resolution (10 cm) using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, mass spectrometry and palynological preparations. This high resolution was acquired to analyse the presence of precessional orbital forcing on wildfire and the other proxy datasets. This data was collected, interpreted and analysed by Teuntje Hollaar, Claire Belcher, Stephen Hesselbo, Micha Ruhl, Jean-Franҫois Deconinck, Sarah Jane Baker and Luke Mander. The complete dataset presented in the published article file ‘Wildfire activity enhanced during phases of maximum orbital eccentricity and precessional forcing in the Early Jurassic’ has been included in this data file.

Territory data
WMS service makes accessible collective information on territory for information providing purpose by course of article 27 Act no. 183/2006 Coll. (Building act) from the following GIS layers: mining leases, protected areas of mineral deposits, areas protected against specific impacts in the Earth’s crust, reserved deposits and approved prognostic resources, registered mine workings (old mine workings), undermined areas, landslide areas, and non-reserved mineral deposits.

Tertiary Geological Map
Tertiary geological map of Flanders (Belgium), scale 1/50.000. It is a subcrop map of the Tertiary formations under the Quaternary erosion surface.

TEST: WMS 32 Bit Raster
testing WMS with a 32 Bit GeoTIFF

TEST: WMS 8 Bit Raster
testing WMS with an 8 Bit GeoTIFF

Testing ice sheet models and modelled estimates of Earth's climate sensitivity using Miocene palaeoclimate data (NERC Grant NE/I006427/1)
2 papers and supplementary information produced from NERC Grant NE/I006427/1. Lear, C. H., H. K. Coxall, G. L. Foster, D. J. Lunt, E. M. Mawbey, Y. Rosenthal, S. M. Sosdian, E. Thomas, and P. A. Wilson (2015), Neogene ice volume and ocean temperatures: Insights from infaunal foraminiferal Mg/Ca paleothermometry, Paleoceanography, 30, 1437–1454, doi:10.1002/2015PA002833. Elaine M. Mawbey, Caroline H. Lear; Carbon cycle feedbacks during the Oligocene-Miocene transient glaciation. Geology ; 41 (9): 963–966. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G34422.1

Testing the control of weathering on CO2 - Evidence from extreme climate events (NERC Grant NE/I020571/2)
Published papers for NERC grant NE/I020571/2. Grant award abstract: How does the Earth's climate recover from events of rapid and extreme global warming or cooling? Why have the huge fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 in the geological past not caused runaway climate effects, making the Earth become Venus- or Mars-like? Silicate weathering of the continents is the main CO2 removal process, and therefore a dominant long-term climate control mechanism. However the debate on what controls silicate weathering, and therefore atmospheric CO2, is still contentious and ongoing. A correct understanding of the controls on weathering, and its link to atmospheric CO2 levels is critical, because 1) it is possible that weathering is the process that has kept Earth's climate in the relatively narrow bounds required for life over the past several hundred million years; 2) it is impossible to decipher the causes and consequences of long-term climate variations through Earth's history without accurate weathering data, which in turn impacts on our understanding of current climate; 3) comprehension of climate systems leads to more accurate modelling of future climate change; 4) rapid global climate change inevitably leads to large mass extinctions. Therefore it is important to unravel the link between extinctions and the Earth's climate systems, including CO2 control. Lithium isotopes have gained much interest over the past few years because large variations in the Li isotope ratio in rivers and clays are caused by silicate weathering processes. Furthermore, unlike tracers of weathering used previously, Li isotopes also respond to the intensity of weathering, and therefore can be linked directly to weathering rates. This is critical, because for the first time is gives us a window into the variation of weathering rates through time, which in turn means we can use the Earth's past climate variations as a natural laboratory. Three of the largest climate fluctuations and mass extinctions in Earth's history will be examined and modelled, primarily using Li isotopes, but also several other tracers, which will serve to reveal information on marine and volcanic conditions at the time. These geological periods (the end-Ordovician glaciation (450 Ma (million years ago)), the Permo-Triassic event (251 Ma) and the Cenomanian-Turonian Ocean Anoxic Event (94 Ma)), represent times when rapid warming or cooling of Earth's climate occurred, resulting in the extinction of up to 90% of life on Earth. Samples from these time periods exist in the form of marine calcium carbonate. This was precipitated (either inorganically, or via various life forms) in the oceans at the time, and provides a record of ocean chemistry, which in turn is directly linked to the atmospheric conditions. Analysing Li isotopes is a complex procedure, and will be undertaken at Oxford University. Collaborations will exist with Prof. Jan Veizer (Ottawa University) and Dr. Christoph Korte (Copenhagen University), who are specialists in the studied time periods, with Prof. Andy Ridgwell (Bristol University), who is an expert climate modeller, and with Prof. David Harper, who is an expert in mass extinctions. By understanding weathering and climatic responses to periods of rapid global warming and cooling we will gain critical information on Earth's climate feedbacks, and on processes that led to the extinction of vast proportions of the biosphere.

Testing the Palaeosol Model of Arsenic Pollution in Groundwater (NERC grant NE/G016879/1)
2 published papers from NERC grant NE/G016879/1. Palaeosol Control of Arsenic Pollution:The Bengal Basin in West Bengal, India by by U. Ghosal, P.K. Sikdar, and J.M. McArthur. Tracing recharge to aquifers beneath an Asian megacity with Cl/Br and stable isotopes: the example of Dhaka, Bangladesh by M. A. Hoque, J. M. McArthur, P. K. Sikdar, J. D. Ball and T. N. Molla (DOI 10.1007/s10040-014-1155-8)

TEX86 sea surface temperature compilation for the Eocene epoch, 56 to 34 million years ago (NERC grant NE/I005714/1)
TEX86 sea surface temperature compilation for the Eocene epoch (56 to 34 million years ago). Also included are other GDGT-based indices which are used to flag potentially problematic SST estimates. The data accompanies Inglis et al. (2015; Palaeoceanography, v.30, p. 1000-1020) DOI: 10.1002/2014PA002723 Sheet 1: The fractional abundance of isoprenoidal GDGTs, TEX86 values and other related indices for new and published Oligocene and Eocene sediments (n.b. the fractional abundance of isoprenoidal GDGTs was unavailable for IODP Site 1356). Values with yellow shading are excluded from the TEX86 compilation used in Fig. 7-9. Values with red text are those with a Red Sea-type GDGT distribution (i.e. GDGTRS >30 %) and may overestimate SST. Sheet 2: Each TEX86H time-series was grouped into low- (<30 degrees) or high-latitude (>55 degrees) bins and translated into a relative temperature (Δ SST) by comparison to the warmest temperature in that time series and fitted with a non-parametric LOESS regression. Sheet 3: Sequential removal of one data series at a time (jackknifing) within the low-latitude compilation. Sheet 4: Same as above but within the high-latitude compilation. Samples were collected from a range of globally-distributed marine sediments. Either collected via DSDP, ODP, IODP or personal sampling expeditions.

Thallium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Thallium (Tl), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

The 1:5 Million International Geological Map of Europe and Adjacent Areas (IGME5000)
The 1:5 Million International Geological Map of Europe and Adjacent Areas shows the pre-Quaternary geology of Europe onshore and offshore. In addition to the geology attributed by age, petrography and genesis, also magnetic anomalies, tectonic structures, metamorphism and – in the offshore areas – information about the continental/oceanic crust and the continental margin, are shown. The map was developed by BGR under the umbrella of the Commission of the Geological Map of the World (CGMW) and in cooperation with geological surveys organisations of 48 countries and more than 20 research institutes. For detailed information about the 'IGME 5000: More than just a map – A multinational GIS Project' please visit the IGME website.

The 1:5 Million International Geological Map of Europe and Adjacent Areas (IGME5000) (WMS)
The 1:5 Million International Geological Map of Europe and Adjacent Areas shows the pre-Quaternary geology of Europe onshore and offshore. In addition to the geology attributed by age, petrography and genesis, also magnetic anomalies, tectonic structures, metamorphism and – in the offshore areas – information about the continental/oceanic crust and the continental margin, are shown. The map was developed by BGR under the umbrella of the Commission of the Geological Map of the World (CGMW) and in cooperation with geological surveys organisations of 48 countries and more than 20 research institutes. For detailed information about the 'IGME 5000: More than just a map – A multinational GIS Project' please visit the IGME website.

The areas and volumes of 12,920 Asia Summer Monsoon (ASM) triggered landslides in Nepal. (NERC Grant NE/L002582/1)
Text file containing the areas (of combined scar, deposition and runnout zones, and estimated scar zones alone) and volumes (for both total and scar areas) of 12,920 Asia Summer Monsoon (ASM) that occurred across central-eastern Nepal in the period 1988 - 2018. Note, landslides were not mapped in the years 2011 and 2012 due to scan line errors in Landsat 7 imagery.

The BGS collection of archived video recordings
The BGS collection of downhole CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) recordings and backup tapes for worldwide SKYLAB satellite imagery. CCTV recordings carried out down boreholes, mainly drilled for water, were undertaken by BGS for specific commercial contracts in Great Britain, and may also have associated geophysical data. The collection started in 1997, and the present holdings are 138 videos, with infrequent additions. Video recordings on other topics may be added.

The BGS Collection Of Large Scale Geological Field Maps.
Manuscript geological maps produced by the Survey geologists or other recognised geologists on County Series (1:10560) and National Grid (1:10560 & 1:10000) Ordnance Survey base maps of Great Britain. A small number are produced at larger scale. Similar maps compiled from other sources. Maps produced since the 1850's, current holdings over 35,000 maps, all now scanned and available internally as image files.

The BGS collection of mine plans.
The dataset comprises plans of various types relating to mining activity, including abandonment plans, gathered since the 1800s. Most were collected as part of the BGS mapping programme and the type and amount of data available will vary considerably. The coverage for Northern England and Scotland is more comprehensive than for the rest of the country. The plans include working copies, compilations and interpretations which may be copyright or confidential. The general nature of some of the plans means that they may not be applicable to a specific site. Current holdings over 60,000.

The BGS Edinburgh Palaeontological Slides Collection.
PALSLIDES_ED is the BGS Edinburgh Palaeontological Slides Collection. It comprises two registration series. The MIC (microfossils) series, which is added to sporadically, includes c.950 individually registered slides (each with up to 100 cells) of microfossils (mainly foraminifera and ostracods). The PS (Palaeontological thin Sections) registration series, which has not been added to since 1987, comprises 4202 fossil thin sections and mounted slides, and includes various donated collections. Both the MIC register (10 volumes) and PS register (2 volumes) record the locality of each slide and any previous registration numbers. Stratigraphic information may also be given. Taxonomic information is not complete. There is, at present, no separate index (either analogue or digital) to the dataset, but it is included in FOSSLOC4. GSE_SPECIMENS and SMITH_GSE include those slides and thin sections transferred to the Type and Stratigraphical Collection from the Survey and John Smith collections.

The BGS Large Scale Geological Map Collection.
Geological map 'Standards', manuscript and published maps of Great Britain produced by the Survey on County Series (1:10560) and National Grid (1:10560 & 1:10000) Ordnance Survey base maps. Maps produced since the 1860's, current holdings over 41,000 maps, all now available internally as image files.

The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units (April 2019)
The Lexicon of Named Rock Units provides definitions of lithostratigraphic, lithodemic, and litho-morpho-genetic geological units of the United Kingdom and its associated continental shelf. The Lexicon focuses mainly on units of Member, Formation, Group and higher rank (and equivalents) but it also includes information on some units of lesser rank, notably economically important coal seams and laterally extensive marine bands. It includes superficial and bedrock units. It includes synonyms and other names not currently recognised by the BGS or regarded as obsolete. Full Lexicon entries include geological unit name, a persistent unique identifier, map code, currency, rank, parent unit and rank, age, lithology, definitions of boundaries, thickness, previous and alternative names, geographical extent, type localities, and bibliographical references. This dataset is a snapshot of the live database taken on the 30th April 2019.

The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units (September 2017)
The Lexicon of Named Rock Units provides definitions of lithostratigraphic, lithodemic, and litho-morpho-genetic geological units of the United Kingdom and its associated continental shelf. The Lexicon focuses mainly on units of Member, Formation, Group and higher rank (and equivalents) but it also includes information on some units of lesser rank, notably economically important coal seams and laterally extensive marine bands. It includes superficial and bedrock units. It includes synonyms and other names not currently recognised by the BGS or regarded as obsolete. Full Lexicon entries include geological unit name, a persistent unique identifier, map code, currency, rank, parent unit and rank, age, lithology, definitions of boundaries, thickness, previous and alternative names, geographical extent, type localities, and bibliographical references. This dataset is a snapshot of the live database taken on the 14th September 2017.

The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units.
The Lexicon of Named Rock Units provides definitions of lithostratigraphic, lithodemic, and litho-morpho-genetic geological units of the United Kingdom and its associated continental shelf. The Lexicon focuses mainly on units of Member, Formation, Group and higher rank (and equivalents) but it also includes information on some units of lesser rank, notably economically important coal seams and laterally extensive marine bands. It includes superficial and bedrock units. It includes synonyms and other names not currently recognised by the BGS or regarded as obsolete. Full Lexicon entries include geological unit name, a persistent unique identifier, map code, currency, rank, parent unit and rank, age, lithology, definitions of boundaries, thickness, previous and alternative names, geographical extent, type localities, and bibliographical references.

The BGS Rock Classification Scheme
The BGS Rock Classification Scheme (RCS) is a comprehensive classification scheme for all types of rocks and unconsolidated sediments worldwide. It is intended to be used for classification of single rock samples and can be used without any knowledge of field relationships. It has been designed for use by people with a wide range of geological knowledge; from experienced professional geologists to technicians and drillers. It also allows names to be assigned according to the level of information about the sample. The system if hierarchical, ranging from very simple names such as igneous rock to highly detailed names such as mugearite, that can only be applied after chemical analysis. Rock names can consist of a root name e.g. granite and several qualifiers that impart more information e.g. grey-biotite-bearing granite. The classification scheme has been implemented as a hierarchical dictionary of codes for all rock types. The classification scheme is described in BGS Research Reports 99-02, 99-03, 99-06. The BGS Rock Classification Scheme was devised between 1993 and 1996 in response to a need from the Digital Map Production System project.

The BGS UK (North) Biostratigraphical Collection Of Graphic Logs
Stored in Murchison House, this dataset (FAUNGRAPHLOG_ED) is the BGS UK (North) collection of paper graphic logs from boreholes and measured natural sections, particularly in the Carboniferous of Scotland and northern England. Some 18000 of these records include hand written macrofossil occurrences and assemblages from certain (often subsequently interpreted) stratigraphical levels in the borehole or section. There is at present no separate index (either analogue or digital) to FAUNGRAPHLOG_ED but a pathway to it is FOSSLOC, the index to the Survey Collection of fossils from UK (North).

Baza danych Systemu Osłony PrzeciwOsuwiskowej
Baza danych Systemu OsłonyPrzeciwOsuwiskowej zawiera informacje o osuwiskach i terenach zagrożonych ruchami masowymi.

The descent into the icehouse (NERC grant NE/I005714/1)
A set of climatological annual and monthly sea surface temperature and 1.5m air temperature for the Eocene Epoch as run in HadCM3L. The data also relates to NERC Grant NE/I006281/1

The effect of clay content on the dilatancy and frictional properties of fault gouge (NERC Grant NE/L002469/1)
This information details the method of calculating dilatancy from pore volumometry measurements. In the velocity step tests, an initial shear enhanced compaction phase drastically reduces the sample pore volume until the sample yields. After the sample yields, the pore volume continues to decrease but at a lower rate of decrease. The imposed velocity steps cause compaction or dilation of the sample material that is superimposed on this overall compaction trend. Pore pressure is held at a set point in all tests and any volume changes in the control system are assumed to correspond directly to changes in pore volume in the sample. The method here is aimed at producing quantitative, reproducible values for dilatancy from experimental data. The script fits a polynomial function to all the volume data to give the overall trend of the shear enhanced compaction. The data position of the start of the velocity step of interest is entered manually into the function. When dilatancy occurs on a step change in velocity, this is not immediately recorded using volumometry, as the permeability of the sample will produce a transient response as pore fluid pressure equilibrates between the sample and the pore fluid pressure system. To discount time effects, every velocity step was processed with a ‘time_dep’ phase for the first 100µm of displacement after the imposed velocity step change. Using the values for ‘vel_step’ and ‘time_dep’, the volumometry data are split into separate matrices incorporating time and volume preceding and following the velocity step change. A linear regression model fits a polynomial curve to the pore volumometry data and returns the coefficient of determination (R2) for the fit of the model. The shear enhanced compaction phase prior to yield is included in the fit. The code incrementally adds the value entered for ‘step’ to the data in the velocity step of interest. This ‘step’ value is a positive or negative value depending on whether the velocity has increased or decreased, respectively. A new linear regression model is then fitted to the whole dataset and if the R2 value has increased, the code will continue to loop to add the value of ‘step’ to the pore volume data. It concludes when the R2 value reaches a peak and begins to decrease, as the fit is no longer improving. We assume at this point that the effect of the dilatancy due to the velocity step has been removed, and the cumulative sum of the ‘step’ values is equivalent to the dilatancy. As the loop goes one iteration past the optimum R2 value, the code reverts to the previous set of values with the best R2 value. In experiments with multiple velocity step changes, the code needs to retain the previous corrections of the data. The function ‘pf_correct’ is used to correct the velocity steps that have been previously processed. The values for ‘vel_step’, ‘time_dep’ and the returned value of ‘offset’ need to be given in the inputs for ‘pf_correct’.

The Effects of Hydrate on the Strength and Stiffness of Sands (NERC grant NE/K00008X/1)
This database is from series of laboratory experiments designed to explore the effect of hydrate cementaion on some sands. This dataset is part of NERC Arctic Landslide-Tsunami Project ( http://arp.arctic.ac.uk/projects/landslide-tsunami/) and has been presented in International conference and Journal article (under review) namely, 1) Madhusudhan, B.N. and Clayton, C.R.I. (2016) Influence particle size on strength of gas hydrate cemented granular materials. Wuttke, F., Bauer, S. and Sanchez, M. (eds.) In Energy Geotechnics. CRC Press. 742 pp, pp. 445-449. (doi:10.1201/b21938-71). 2) Madhusudhan,B.N, Clayton, C.R.I. and Priest, J.A ‘1 The Effects of Hydrate on the Strength and Stiffness of some Sands’. Under-review in Journal of Geophysical Research – Solid Earth.

The evolution of modern marine ecosystems: environmental controls on their structure and function (NERC grant NE/I005641/1)
The data is in the form of excel spreadsheets and a word document of supplementary material. Publications: Foster, W.J., Danise, S., Sedlacek, A., Price, G.D., Hips, K. and Twitchett, R.J. 2015. Environmental controls on the post-Permian recovery of benthic, tropical marine ecosystems in western Palaeotethys (Aggtelek Karst, Hungary). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 440, 374-394 Danise, S., Twitchett, R.J., Little, C.T.S. 2015. Environmental controls on Jurassic marine ecosystems during global warming. Geology, 43, 263–266; DOI:10.1130/G36390.1 Danise, S., Twitchett, R.J., Matts, K. 2014. Ecological succession of a Jurassic shallow-water ichthyosaur fall. Nature Communications, 5, 4789. DOI:10.1038/ncomms5789 Foster, W.J., Twitchett, R.J. 2014. Functional diversity of marine ecosystems after the Late Permian mass extinction event. Nature Geoscience, 7, 233-238. doi:10.1038/NGEO2079 Danise, S., Twitchett, R.J., Little, C.T.S. & Clémence, M.E. 2013. The impact of global warming and anoxia on marine benthic community dynamics: an example from the Toarcian (Early Jurassic). PLOS ONE, 8, e56255

The exhumation history of the Himalayan orogen determined from Bengal Fan sedimentary record (IODP Leg 354) (NERC grant NE/N005287/1)
Thermochronological data from IODP Bengal Fan site 354. Grant abstract: The Himalayas are a type example of continent-continent collision, and resultant mountain building processes. Geologists can look at the rocks in the mountain belt itself to determine its evolution, but sometimes the evidence in the rocks in the mountain belt itself is obscured by later increases in the temperature and pressure that the rocks were subjected to, which overprints the evidence. Sediments eroded off the evolving Himalaya are deposited in the Bengal Fan, and these can provide an archive of the erosion of the history of the mountain belt through time which has not been obscured my later metamorphism, as the material was eroded and removed from the mountain belt prior to these later overprinting events. This project will analyse minerals that cooled as they were exhumed from deoth towards the surface in the mountain belt. The project will date the minerals to determine the time they cooled, and this will provide information on when the rocks were exhumed and how fast they exhumed, thus providing information on when and how fast the mountain belt grew.

The extent of the 3D pilot study area of the GARAH project
This area was chosen for the assessment of unconventional hydrocarbon resources using 3D basin and petroleum system modeling. Further information is found in the report,GARAH WP2: 3D Pilot Study – Unconventionals,

The Geochemistry of Fossil Pigment Preservation (NERC grant NE/J023426/1)
These data represent a massive synchrotron based programme to study ancient life. Not all of these data have been processed yet, nor have we published all of the results that we intend to. These data are still very much a work in progress. NERC grant abstract: Building on our previous successes with identifying and mapping the chemical residues of eumelanin and beta keratin, herein we propose an analytical and experimental plan to enhance our ability to detect and image key components of soft tissue. First of all we will perform a series of experiments with extant soft tissue so that we can monitor and determine the breakdown reactions of organic compounds as a function of host lithology, moisture content, and trace metal inventory. Secondly, we will complete an analytical programme, including SRS-XRF imaging, which will include these experimental run products as well as a series of time-stepped fossil samples of varying ages and host lithology so that we may build up a database which allows us to refine our general understanding of reaction paths during fossil degradation. Because the techniques we have developed are non-destructive we now have opened up the possibility for detailed analysis of extremely rare specimens which hold important information but cannot be destructively sampled. Finally, these experimental and analytical results from fossils and comparable extant species will be combined in order to answer several critically important questions in palaeontology, biology, and geochemistry. Project partners: University of Nancy, CNRS, Prof. R. Michels Feather degradation experiments SLAC Linear Accelerator Center, Linac Coherent Light Source, Dr. U. Bergmann SRS-XRF scans of large objects and x-ray spectroscopy SLAC Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Prof. C. Kao SRS-XRF scans of large objects DIAMOND Lightsource, Prof. Fred Mosselmans XAS spectroscopy.

The impact of mineral dissolution on drainage relative permeability and residual trapping in two carbonate rocks
Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection into deep saline aquifers is governed by a number of physico-chemical processes including mineral dissolution and precipitation, multiphase fluid flow, and capillary trapping. These processes can be coupled, however, the impact of fluid-rock reaction on the multiphase flow properties is difficult to study and is not simply correlated to variation in rock porosity. We observed the impact of rock mineral dissolution on multiphase flow properties in two carbonate rocks with distinct pore structures. The Ketton carbonate was an ooidal limestone with a distinct bimodal pore structure whereas the Estaillades limestone was a bioclastic limestone with a wide range of pore sizes. Observations of steady state N2-water relative permeability and residual trapping were obtained at 100 bars fluid pressure and 22°C, with X-ray tomography used to estimate fluid saturation. These tests alternated with steps in which mineral was uniformly dissolved into solution from the rock cores using an aqueous solution with a temperature controlled acid. Eight alternating sequences of dissolution and flow measurement were performed, with on average 0.5% of the mass of the rocks dissolved at each stage. A sequence of mercury injection capillary pressure measurements were conducted on a parallel set of samples undergoing the same treatment to characterize the evolving pore size distribution and corresponding capillary pressure characteristics. Variations in the multiphase flow properties were observed to correspond to the changes in the underlying pore structure. In the Ketton carbonate, dissolution resulted in an increase of the fraction of pore volume made up by the smallest pores and a corresponding increase in the fraction made up by the largest pores. This resulted in a systematic increase in the relative permeability to the nonwetting phase and decrease in relative permeability of the wetting phase. There was also a modest but systematic decrease in residual trapping. In the Estaillades carbonate, dissolution resulted in an increase in the fraction of pore volume made up by pores in the central range of the initial pore size distribution, and a corresponding decrease in the fraction made up by both the smallest and largest pores. This resulted in a decrease in the relative permeability to both the wetting and nonwetting fluid phases and no discernible impact on the residual trapping. In summary, the impact of rock matrix dissolution will be strongly dependent on the impact of that dissolution on the underlying pore structure of the rock. However, if the variation in pore structure can be observed or estimated with modelling, then it should be possible to estimate the impacts on multiphase flow properties.

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 1:500,000
The map of “Switzerland during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), at a scale of 1:500,000” shows the maximum extent of glaciation in Switzerland at the height of the last Ice Age about 24,000 years BP. It incorporates the latest results of research on the Ice Age in Switzerland in a clearly legible format.

The mid-Palaeozoic biotic crisis: setting the trajectory of tetrapod evolution. Coquetdale, Coldstream and Whitrope Burn, Northern England and the Scottish Borders. (NERC grant NE/J020729/1)
The data set consists of rock samples collected from Coquetdale, Coldstream and Whitrope Burn from 2013-2014; milled material is included. There is an Excel spreadsheet of sample numbers with location, sample height on log, d13C data and %C. There are scans of field logs from Coquetdale, Coldstream and Whitrope Burn, and Illustrator drawn logs from Coldstream which include samples collected at a later date. Scans of thin sections are also included. (thin sections to be kept at Leicester for the time being – still being worked on for papers.) Each locality folder has an Excel spreadsheet detailing samples, sample height, %C and bulk and specific d13C values. These data were used to interpret the environment in which early tetrapods have been found in the early Carboniferous. These data supported the MPhil thesis 'In an alternating marine and non-marine depositional setting, where and how are early Carboniferous tetrapods preserved?' by Sherwin, 2018, and one publication including data from Whitrope Burn - Richards et al., 2018, ( https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691018000166).

The mid-Palaeozoic biotic crisis: setting the trajectory of tetrapod evolution. Northern England, Scottish Borders and Nova Scotia. (NERC grants NE/J020729/1, NE/J021067/1)
The data set consists of rock samples collected from Burnmouth, a core drilled at Norham, from Crumble Edge, Willie's Hole and Nova Scotia from 2012-2016; milled material is included. There is an Excel spreadsheet of sample numbers with location, sample height on log, lithology and fossil content. Scans of field logs from Burnmouth, Crumble Edge, Edington Mill, Pease Bay (UK) and locations in Nova Scotia, and overview drawn-up logs from Burnmouth, Norham, Crumble Edge and Willie's Hole are included. Scans of thin section scans are also included. There is a spreadsheet containing geochemistry data - sample numbers with lithology and %C, %S, d13C. These data were used to interpret the environment in which early tetrapods have been found in the early Carboniferous. Publications include: Bennett et al., 2016 (doi: 10.1111/sed.12280); Bennett et al., 2017 ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.12.018 0031-0182); Clack et al., 2016, (DOI: 10.1038/s41559-016-0002); Kearsey et al., 2016 ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.05.033) ; Clack et al., 2018, (doi:10.1017/S1755691018000087); Millward et al., 2018 (doi: 10.1111/sed.12465); Ross et al., 2018 ( https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691018000142)

The oxygen fugacity of core segregation and the redox evolution of the mantle: constraints from iron and chromium isotopes (NERC grant NE/F014295/2)
This project is aimed at understanding what kind of conditions the Earth's core formed under and how this affected the amount of oxygen present in the rocky interior of the Earth. It uses experiments which simulate the very high pressures and temperatures that would have been present in the Earth's interior when the core formed, combined with very precise chemical analyses of these experiments. From these results I will learn how certain chemical elements distributed themselves between the metal core and the rocky outer part of the Earth, and whether this distribution behaviour changes with different conditions and with the amount of oxygen present. By comparing the results I get from the experiments with the chemical compositions of rocks from the Earth and very primitive meteorites we will be able to understand better how the Earth's core formed, and how this may have affected the chemistry of our planet and the development of its atmosphere and oceans. Four papers are linked to this grant: Stable chromium isotopic composition of meteorites and metal-silicate experiments: Implications for fractionation during core formation Unlocking the zinc isotope systematics of iron meteorites Iron isotope tracing of mantle heterogeneity within the source regions of oceanic basalts Isotopic evidence for internal oxidation of the Earth's mantle during accretion

The stable neodymium isotopic composition of the silicate Earth and chondrites (NERC grant NE/N003926/1)
Neodymium (Nd) concentrations, Nd radiogenic isotopes (143Nd/144Nd) and Nd stable isotopes (d146/144Nd) for chondritic meteorites, terrestrial basalts and mantle rocks, and rock reference materials.

The Terra-Correlator: A computing facility for massive real-time data assimilation in Environmental Science (NERC Grant NE/L012979/1)
The Terra-correlator: A computing facility for massive real-time data assimilation in environmental science. Two Application Framework Papers: 1) Report on Terra-Correlator Application Framework. 2) Use Cases and Requirements for Terra-Correlator Application Framework, plus the codes used for the work done.

Map showing the geographical distribution of ground movements classified into four main groups: horizontal component in continental areas, vertical component in continental areas, unstable areas linked to coastal areas and movements related to mining operations. Also included are continental areas with important erosive processes.

Thermal and Alternating Field demagnetisation data from Carboniferous-age rock material from Cumbria and the Scottish Borders sampled in 2017, measured at the University of Liverpool (NERC Grant NE/P00170X/1)
Thermal and Alternating Field demagnetisation data from Carboniferous-age rock material from Cumbria and the Scottish Borders sampled in 2017. This data is divided into multiple four letter coded sections which refer to a specific locality and/or experiment type. BORD are alternating field demagnetisation results on volcanic material from the Scottish Borders, 330 million years old, sampled in the summer of 2017, carried out by Dr Courtney Sprain. BORR are thermal demagnetisation results on volcanic material from Burnmouth Harbour, Longhoughton Beach, Pease Bay, Joppa Shore, Sugar Sands Bay and Ross Beach in the Scottish Borders, 330 million years old, sampled in the summer of 2017, carried out by Dr Courtney Sprain. CMBR are thermal demagnetisation results on rock material from around Cumbria, 330 million years old, and sampled in Spring 2017, sampled and carried out by Dr Courtney Sprain and Dr Mark Hounslow. CUMB are alternating field demagnetisation results on rock material from around Cumbria, 330 million years old, and sampled in spring 2017, sampled and carried out by Dr Courtney Sprain and Dr Mark Hounslow.

Thermal and Alternating Field demagnetisation data from Viesan-age carbonates from the Meathop quarry section, Cumbria sampled in 2018, measured at the University of Lancaster. (NERC Grant NE/P00170X/1)
Thermal and Alternating Field demagnetisation data from Visean-carbonates from Meathop Quarry sampled in 2018. This covers the Martin Limestone Formation. MQ are sample codes sampled and data collection carried out by Tereza Kamenikova and Dr Mark Hounslow. The AF demagnetisation data flagged with a *G has a GRM correction applied along the lines described in Stephenson (1993). Data measured on a 2G instruments RAPID, with blank correction as in Hounslow(2019). File for of demagnetisaon data in in header and also described in the GM4Edit software (Hounslow et al. 2019). Sub-samples from main sample given codes like MQ2.1, MQ2.2 etc Hounslow, M.W. 2019. GM4Edit (v.5.6) - a windows program to manage, plot, export and manipulate palaeomagnetic magnetometer datasets. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.31877.91361/1.

Thermal and microwave paleointensity data measured at the University of Liverpool on natural clinkers from Montana, USA, vitrified fort and volcanic material from Scotland, and volcanic material from the Yandiniling Dike Swarm, Australia
All paleointensity data gathered from the project at University of Liverpool. The data is divided into multiple four letter coded sections which refer to a specific locality and/or experiment type. The sections are as follows: CFEH - Thermal paleointensity experiment on natural clinkers from Montana, USA, looking primarily at the Epsilon Hematite phase, with an additional high-power alternating field demagnetisation step after each infield step of the experiment. LPRM - volcanic material from Kinghorn and Wormit Bay, Scotland (335 and 410 million years old). This was a specific experiment with samples given a prior high temperature applied field of 80 micro Tesla and a pressure remanent magnetisation of 80 micro Tesla. VFSS – a microwave paleointensity experiment carried out on Scottish vitrified fort material, sampled in the 1980s. WTBY – microwave paleointensity experiments carried out on Scottish volcanics from Wormit Bay. Sampled September 2015. YDSR – volcanics from Yandiniling Dike Swarm, in Yilgarn Craton, Australia, 2.6 billion years old. Sampled Nov 2018. Sampled with Yebo Li from the University of Curtin (Perth) as part of a collaboration, resampling of 16WDS sites from his palaeodirections paper. These were microwave demagnetisation (specimen orientation only) and paleointensities. NERC grant NE/P00170X/1.

Thermal conductivity at a specific geological unit
Thermal conductivity of a geological unit relevant for shallow geothermal energy use (e.g. bedrock).

Thermal conductivity of hard rock samples
The intrinsic ability of hard rock samples to conduct heat.

Thermal productivity
The maximum temperature shift between the production and the injection well that is possible with regards to legal or ecological limitations.

Thermal Response Tests (TRT)
Thermal response test (TRT) is the customary method to determine ground thermal conductivity in situ.

Thermal, Mineral and Thermomineral Water Map of the Republic of Srpska
Numerous thermal, mineral and thermomineral waters and the variety of their hydrochemical types represent the most interesting geological issue and signifcant economic potential of the territory of the Republic of Srpska. The proper interpretation of the genesis, hydrogeologic mechanism, chemical content and the regime of some occurrences of these waters provide the consideration of their economic importance and possibilities of utilization.

Thermodynamic properties of FeS polymorphs (NERC grant NE/J010626/1, NE/J010626/2)
FeS polymorphs are of significant relevance to condensed matter physics and planetary science. In particular, they are thought to form the cores of Earth and Mars, which is suggested by their presence in many meteorites. Data are plain text files containing the relative volume expansion, molar heat capacity and molar entropy of the FeS phases at different pressures as a function of temperature. Research results based upon these data are published at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2017.07.033

Thermogravimetric analysis profiles of bulk samples from the CoG3 NERC project (NERC Grant NE/M011488/1)
Thermogravimetric Analysis profiles as xy datasets of limonites from Acoje (Philippines), Caldag (Turkey), Piaui (Brazil) and Shevchenko (Kazakhstan) laterite deposits. The data were acquired during the NERC SoS Minerals CoG3 project between 2015 and 2018 using a TA Instruments Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) instrument at the Natural History Museum, London, UK. Powdered samples were loaded into the TGA and heated at 10 degrees C per minute up to 800 degrees C under a flowing N2 atmosphere. Information regarding the type and proportion of hydrous or volatile rich mineral phases can be obtained from the decomposition profile. This may be useful within the mining sector, resource assessment, processing or prospecting, geo- or material scientists and processing engineers / metallurgists. The data were acquired in the Earth Sciences Department, Natural History Museum by the NHM CoG3 team. NERC grant: CoG3: The geology, geometallurgy and geomicrobiology of cobalt resources leading to new product streams

Thessaly PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Thessaly, Greece. It has been provided by GAMMA Remote Sensing as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Thickness of Post-LGM Deposit
Thickness of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) deposit. Contours are presented as depth (metres) below present seafloor or the base of the post LGM sedimentary cover. LGM is defined on average at 18,000 years BP. In glaciated regions the thickness of the Holocene is used. Confidence is defined as follows: 1. High: Sampled feature with good age and palaeoenvironmental control. 2. Sampled feature with poor or none age and palaeoenvironmental control. 3. Constructed by remote sensing data only, 4. Low: Reasonable without any direct evidence

Thorium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Thorium (Th), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Three-dimensional temporal imaging of X-ray CT imaging of dissolution-driven convection in glass beads
The images in this dataset show the mixing of two liquid solutions in a random bead pack as a function of time and in three-dimensions. The working fluids used in this study are solutions of methanol and ethylene-glycol (MEG, fluid 1) and brine (fluid 2). In particular, three mixtures of ethylene-glycol and methanol were prepared that differ in wt% ethylene-glycol, namely 55 wt% (MEG55), 57 wt% (MEG57) and 59 wt% (MEG59). Measurements are conducted using in the regime of Rayleigh numbers, Ra = 2000-5000. X-ray Computed Tomography is applied to image the spatial and temporal evolution of the solute plume non -invasively. The tomograms are used to compute macroscopic quantities including the rate of dissolution and horizontally averaged concentration profiles, and enable the visualisation of the ow patterns that arise upon mixing at a spatial resolution of about (2x2x2) mm3. We observe that the mixing process evolves systematically through three stages, starting from pure diffusion, followed by convection-dominated and shutdown. A modified diffusion equation is applied to model the convective process with an onset time of convection that compares favourably with literature data and an effective diffusion coefficient that is almost two orders of magnitude larger than the molecular diffusivity of the solute. The comparison of the experimental observations of convective mixing against their numerical counterparts of the purely diffusive scenario enables the estimation of a non-dimensional convective mass flux in terms of the Sherwood number, Sh = 0.025Ra. We observe that the latter scales linearly with Ra, in agreement with observations from both experimental and numerical studies on thermal convection over the same Ra regime.

Three-Field block preconditioner 3D test case (NERC grant NE/I026995/1)
This data is described in section 6.4 of the following paper, Three-Field Block Preconditioners for Models of Coupled Magma/Mantle Dynamics by Rhebergen et al DOI:10.1137/14099718X

Thulium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Thulium (Tm), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Time-lapse gravity data Corbetti caldera (Ethiopia): 2014/16 (NERC grant NE/L013932/1)
The RiftVolc microgravity network was comprised of a total of 4 benchmarks including a reference benchmark. Benchmark locations, observed gravity changes, dg14 -16, from 2014-2016, corresponding vertical deformation, Uz, free-air effect, and resultant residual gravity changes gr of the microgravity and GNSS network at Corbetti.

Time lapse camera imagery A83 Rest and Be Thankful (NERC Grant NE/T00567X/1)
Fixed time lapse camera imagery with 15 minute interval during daytimes captured from Ben Donich (BNG: NN 2297 0637) looking towards the A83 Rest and Be Thankful / slope of Beinn Luibhean. Data were subsequently processed in https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050893 for deformation tracking. There are data gaps during poor weather/outages, and, some camera shift requiring alignment.

Time series inorganic groundwater data for the Oju/Obi area of Eastern Nigeria from 1997 and 1998. Rainfall chloride time series data from selected rain gauges from 1997. Clay mineralogy data from selected boreholes in Oju and Obi.
Oju/Obi is a remote part of Eastern Nigeria. There are severe water shortages during the 4-5 month dry season. The hydrogeology of the area is complex, and groundwater is difficult to find. In an attempt to understand and quantify the available groundwater resources within the area, DFID commissioned BGS from 1997 – 2000 to carry out a hydrogeological review of the area and devise appropriate and effective methods for siting wells and boreholes assessing groundwater resources and how best these resources could be developed. The field study involved the collection of time series data including groundwater chemistry and rainfall Cl along with mineralogical information. These results are being used by WaterAid, Local and regional Government to help local communities develop sustainable water supplies.

Time series of GNSS-based tropospheric parameters
Time series of tropospheric parameters by analysing of GNSS observations from a global IGS (International GNSS Service) network and regional networks - EPN (EUREF Permanent Network) in Europe and VESOG, GEONAS and CZEPOS in Czech Republic.

Time series of recharge values at selected boreholes across Europe
A dataset showing the locations of the boreholes where time series of recharge values (mm/year) are calculated using multiple recharge calculation tools. Clicking a borehole will lead to a figure showing the time series of recharge values if available. Models are driven by rainfall and potential evaporation and calibrated using either time series of groundwater levels or flow discharges at a gauging station or both depending on the tool. Please refer to tool used to identify if the recharge calculated is actual or potential recharge. The aim of applying multiple tools is to address the uncertainty in the calculated recharge. Values are best used for guidance only.

Times, locations, families, and durations of earthquakes identified near Parkfield, California, USA 2020 - 2022
This catalogue contains the times, locations, families, and durations of earthquakes identified near Parkfield, California, USA. Collected over the period of 2020 – 2022. The methodology used to identify the earthquakes is described by Huang, H., Hawthorne, J.C. Linking the scaling of tremor and slow slip near Parkfield, CA. Nat Commun 13, 5826 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33158-3. The data provided here are also provided in the supplement of that paper. This catalogue contains the times (columns 1-2), locations (columns 3-5: latitude, longitude, and depth), families (column 6), and durations (columns 7).

Titanium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Titanium (Ti), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

TNO Netherlands Superficial geology
TNO Netherlands Superfical age, lithology and lithostratigraphy - Project OneGeology-Europe - WP3

Tomographic data of tubular fossils from the Ediacaran Weng'an Doushantuo biota (NERC grant NE/J018325/1)
The data are from X-ray tomographic analyses of tubular fossils. All scans were carried out using Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Tomographic Microscopy (SRXTM) except for specimen SMNH X 5324 which was also analysed using Ptychographic X-ray Computed Tomography (PXCT). The methods are described in the paper. The data consist of a stacked series of .tif files that represent maps of X-ray attenuation. The individual slices can be viewed with standard graphics software. The datasets can be studied in 3D using tomographic reconstruction software such as Avizo (www.vsg3d.com/), Spiers (www.spiers-software.org/), VG Studio Max (www.volumegraphics.com) etc. The voxel size, which is needed for scale calculations, varies between datasets and is given below. Some datasets consist of two 'blocks' of data, with slices named [specimen name]_B1 and [specimen name]_B2. These are placed in the same folder and follow on directly from one another. They can be opened together as a single dataset. The files relate to the following publication: Cunningham, J. A., Vargas, K., Liu, P., Belivanova, V., Marone, F., Martinez-Perez, C., Guizar-Sicairos, M., Holler, M., Bengtson, S. & Donoghue, P. C. J. 2015. Critical appraisal of tubular putative eumetazoans from the Ediacaran Weng'an Doushantuo biota. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences.

Tomographic data on the developmental biology of the Early Cambrian cnidarian Olivooides (NERC grant NE/J018325/1)
The folders GMPKU2311, GMPKU3089, ELISN108-343 and ELISN31-5 contain data from X-ray tomographic analyses of fossil embryos and post-embryonic stages as described: There is one data folder provided for each specimen, each containing the following: - Raw data: zip archive containing the raw scan data (.tif image stack). - Working files: zip archive containing the segmented slices (.tif image stack exported from Avizo labels). - Avizo project: the Avizo .hx project file. - Avizo labels: the Avizo .am labels file, containing the segmentation information. - 3D model: the 3D surface computed from the segmented labels data (.stl file). In the case of GMPKU2311 only the raw data and 3D model file are provided, as the surface was computed directly from an isosurface of the specimen in Avizo. The individual slices (.tif images) can be viewed with standard graphics software, and the datasets can be studied in 3D using tomographic reconstruction software such as Avizo (www.vsg3d.com/), Spiers (www.spiers-software.org/), VG Studio Max (www.volumegraphics.com) etc. The Avizo project and label files (.hx and .am files) require Avizo software (www.vsg3d.com/) to be opened. The 3D models (.stl files) are widely compatible with 3D freeware packages such as MeshLab ( http://meshlab.sourceforge.net/) or Blender ( https://www.blender.org/), or with proprietary software, e.g. Avizo (www.vsg3d.com/), Geomagic ( http://www.geomagic.com/en/), Mimics ( http://biomedical.materialise.com/mimics). The files relate to the following publication: Dong, X.; Vargas, K.; Cunningham, J. A.; Zhang, H.; Liu, T.; Chen, F.; Liu, J.; Bengtson, S. & Donoghue, P. C. J. 2015. Developmental biology of the early Cambrian cnidarian Olivooides. Journal of Paleontology.

Topographic and kinematic data from the Kaikoura earthquake, New Zealand (NERC grant NE/P021425/1)
In this submission we Include three data sets collected as part of a NERC Urgency programme. Data were collected from a key field site within the Marlborough Fault Zone (MFZ), New Zealand. The Mw 7.8 Kaikoura Earthquake of 14th November 2016 was characterised by a surprising degree of spatial complexity in the surface displacement field in the Marlborough region, South Island, New Zealand. This complexity includes movement on up to 12 faults, besides a high degree of variability in apparent slip along strike of individual faults over relatively short distances. The Urgency programme included rapid collection of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), Structure from Motion (SfM) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data immediately after this event. We include data for one of our field sites for which data collection succeeded, and processing has been completed. For a summary of the key initial findings from this data set, see the following EGU 2018 Abstract and summary:

Topography (T)
DRASTIC parameter T

Total heat demand in the North-West Europe
The total Heat Demand map for the DGE-ROLLOUT project is produced from HD data measured or calculated by each project region in North-West Europe. The total HD (in MWh/ha) combines the residential and commercial heat demand.

Toulouse PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Toulouse, France. It has been provided by TRE as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Towards more flexible power generation with CCS (C2-214) – Dynamic and steady-state data from UKCCSRC PACT amine pilot, Aug 2016.
UKCCSRC Call 2 Project C2-214 . The dataset consists of six excel spreadsheets containing data from six dynamic operating scenarios for post-combustion CO2 capture on coal, implemented at the UKCCSRC’s PACT amine pilot facility. Critical plant parameters including flowrates, temperatures, pressure, solvent composition and CO2 capture rate are recorded. Additional steady-state baseload data and information regarding plant dimensions are provided in a separate word document. The dataset was generated as part of a pilot-scale test campaign which aimed to investigate the effect of differences in plant construction on response to dynamic operations, and to provide a proof-of-concept for the control of plant parameters using continuous, online solvent measurements. They may be of use to those interested in the dynamic modelling of post-combustion CO2 capture, for the purpose of model validation. A collaborative research paper with researchers from Imperial College London is planned.

Trace element analyses of melt inclusions from Mount St. Helens 1980 eruption
Laser ablation (LA) ICP-MS analyses (presented in parts per million, ppm) of melt inclusions from the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens (18th May-16th October). Detailed sample collection methods are given in Blundy et al. (2008). Blundy, J., Cashman, K.V. and Berlo, K. (2008) Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions, in: Sherrod, D.R., Scott, W.E., Stauffer, P.H. (Eds.), A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006, Reston, VA, pp. 755-790.

Trace element and Vanadium isotope compositions of basalt glass samples from the Reykjanes Ridge (NERC Grant NE/N009886/1)
The data forms the basis of the paper Novella et al (2020 ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115973) and full interpretation can be found there. Basalt glass chips were supplied by Bramley Murton (Southampton) and the sample contexts are detailed in https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/43.11.1987. New trace element data is provided for the clean basaltic glasses (all reported in ppm). The Vanadium isotope composition (del51V) is also reported for these chips. Uncertainties in these analyses are provided as 2-sigma. Updated estimates of the ferric iron content of these chips also provided, based on recalibration of the data reported by Shorttle et al 2015 ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.017).

Trace element data for melt inclusions, Fuego volcano, Guatemala
Laser ablation (LA) ICP-MS analyses of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from Fuego volcano, Guatemala eruptions on the 14th, 17th and 23rd October, 1974. Full descriptions regarding the analysed samples are given in Rose et al. (1978) and Lloyd et al. (2013). References Lloyd, A.S., Plank, T., Ruprecht, P., Hauri, E.H. and Rose, W. (2013) Volatile loss from melt inclusions in pyroclasts of differing sizes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 165, 129-153. Rose, W.I., Anderson, A.T., Woodruff, L.G. and Bonis, S.B. (1978) The October 1974 basaltic tephra from Fuego volcano: Description and history of the magma body. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 4, 3-53.

Trace elements in residential indoor vacuum dust, collected via a citizen-led sampling approach and analysed by XRF (NERC Grant NE/T004401/1)
A dataset of trace metal concentrations (As, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in indoor dust from homes from 11 countries, along with a suite of potentially contributory residential characteristics. A household vacuum dust sample, collected by the study participant using their regular vacuum cleaner, was submitted to the laboratory for analysis by X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) on the <250um sieved fraction, along with the completion of an online questionnaire survey. Dust sample collection took place between 2018 – 2021. The Home Biome project is affiliated to the DustSafe community science programme (see mapmyenvironment.com). Sample location data are provided at town/city and Country level. Health risk from exposure to potentially contaminant-laden dust has been widely reported. Given the amount of time people spend indoors, residential environments are an important but understudied environment with respect to human exposure to contaminants. Indeed, the nature of the hazard that house dust presents remains poorly characterized. These data will be of interest to those interested in human exposure to potentially toxic elements and environmental health, as well as to the participants, who received a bespoke report on their sample data and information on key sources and ways to reduce exposure to trace elements in indoor dust.

Trace metal concentrations and lipid biomarkers used in the interpretation of a sediment record (IODP U1419) from the Gulf of Alaska (NERC Grant NE/N011112/1)
"Three spreadsheet tables of biomarker data, element ratios, and accumulation rates. Sediment samples from IODP Expedition 341, Site U1419 in the Gulf of Alaska. Site U1419 is located in 721 m water depth on the continental slope above the Khitrov basin. Extracted lipids were analysed by HPLC-MS. Two independent methods for bulk element geochemistry analyses were applied to the samples. More details available in the paper Zindorf et al., 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119864"

Traffic light map for closed loop system
Overall evaluation of possible limitations and restrictions to the installation of closed loop systems based on a 4 colour schemes (grey: no data available, red: no installation allowed, yellow: installation based on case to case decision, green: no restrictions known)

Traffic light map for open loop system
Overall evaluation of possible limitations and restrictions to the installation of open loop systems based on a 4 colour schemes (grey: no data available, red: no installation allowed, yellow: installation based on case to case decision, green: no restrictions known)

Trans-African Regional Geo-data for the Energy Transition (TARGET) model
A geographic information system (GIS) containing geo-data for the energy transition across continental Africa created by extracting data from open sources into a series of shapefiles and rasters containing information on culture, geology, geothermal and geophysical data. This data is stored in the World Geodetic System (WGS) 1984 Geographic Projection System.

Transcripts of qualitative community surveys carried out in Amuria (A) and Katakwi (K) districts, north-eastern Uganda (NERC grant NE/L001799/1)
The data are transcripts of qualitative community surveys carried out in Amuria (A) and Katakwi (K) districts, north-eastern Uganda, as part of a pilot project looking at causes of borehole/hand pump failure in rural areas. The community survey was designed to collected basic information on community water use, reconstruct the history of the water point and explore the socio-institutional factors that may have contributed to non-functionality. Key topics included: community engagement in planning and construction of the water point, access to the water point (and alternative water sources), water quality and yield (including seasonality), mechanical failures and repairs, water point management and by-laws, and fees and finances. The survey took the form of a semi-structured group discussion, guided by a set of questions covering the key topics. Each survey took 2-3 hours. Surveys were conducted for 24 water points. Participants included both water users and Water Point Committee (WPC) members. There were no restrictions on who from the community could participate in the discussion, hence numbers varied. The focus groups were facilitated by local NGO staff familiar with the districts, and guided by researchers from the Overseas Development Institute. The transcripts were produced from the detailed handwritten notes taken by the researchers during the group discussions, with the support of translators. The community surveys should be viewed as complementary to the technical investigations conducted at the borehole.

Transport of Lithophile Elements in Magmatic-Hydrothermal Fluids (NERC grant NE/I02349X/1)
Supplementary material received relating to the following papers: Metal complexion and ion hydration in low density hydrothermal fluids: Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation of Cu(I) and Au(I) in chloride solutions (25-1000°C, 1-5000bar) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.01.033. Zinc complexion in chloride-rich hydrothermal fluids (25-600°C): A thermodynamic model derived from ab initio molecular dynamics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.09.023. Speciation and thermodynamic properties of zinc in sulphur-rich hydrothermal fluids: Insights from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.01.031.

Trends on filtered data of groundwater levels and effective precipitation over the 1976-2019 period in France
Normalised groundwater trends on EEMD residue - Sen’s slope of filtered groundwater levels and effective precipitation over the 1976-2019 period at France scale. The statistical significance of trends is tested at a threshold of 5%.

Trends on filtered data of groundwater levels and effective precipitation over the 1996-2019 period in France
Normalised groundwater trends on EEMD residue - Sen’s slope of filtered groundwater levels and effective precipitation over the 1996-2019 period at France scale. The statistical significance of trends is tested at a threshold of 5%.

Trends on raw data of groundwater levels and effective precipitation over the 1976-2019 period in France
Trends analysis - Sen’s slope of groundwater levels and effective precipitation over the 1976-2019 period at France scale. The statistical significance of trends is tested at a threshold of 5%.

Trends on raw data of groundwater levels and effective precipitation over the 1996-2019 period in France
Trends analysis - Sen’s slope of groundwater levels and effective precipitation over the 1996-2019 period at France scale. The statistical significance of trends is tested at a threshold of 5%.

Triaxial compressive strength data of tests conducted at elevated temperature on hydrothermalised basalt samples from Osa Peninsula (Costa Rica) and oceanic crust basalt from Cocos Plate
This dataset contains raw (clean but not interpreted) triaxial compressive strength data of tests conductive at elevated pressure and temperature as outlined in "Vannucchi, P., Clarke, A., de Montserrat, A., Ougier-Simonin, A., Aldega, L., & Morgan, J. P. (2022). A strength inversion origin for non-volcanic tremor. Nature Communications, 13(1), 2311. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29944-8". The data is provided in a .zip folder containing the files of 5 experiments that are accompanied by a README file for introduction. Files format is Microsoft Excel Worksheet (.xlsx) and data are tabulated. Each file contains the corresponding relevant sample’s details, and each column of data is clearly labelled, units included. For each experiment, time, axial force, axial displacement, axial stress, confining displacement, confining pressure, axial strain A and B, axial average strain, circumferential extensometer, circumferential strain, volumetric strain, internal temperature, and axial delta P were recorded. Triaxial testing was undertaken using the MTS 815 servo-controlled stiff frame inside a vessel capable of a confining pressure up to 140 MPa at the Rock Mechanics and Physics Laboratory, British Geological Survey, UK. The confining cell is fitted with external heater bands and utilizing utilizes cascade control from internal and external thermocouples (accurate to ± 0.5°C). An initial axial pre-load of 2.3 kN was applied, to ensure a stable contact and alignment of the platens. The confining pressure vessel was then closed and filled with mineral oil confining fluid. The axial pre-load was maintained whilst the confining pressure was applied at 2 MPa/min to 60 or 120 MPa; these values were chosen to approximately bracket the pressures at the up-dip limit of seismic nucleation, corresponding to 2 – 4 km depth (Arroyo et al., 2014). At this point, whilst held in axial force and confining pressure control, the rig was heated at 2°C/min to 60°C to approximate the average temperature conditions at the depth of the up-dip limit of seismic nucleation (Harris and Spinelli, 2010). The samples were then left for approximately 1 hour allowing thermal equilibrium to be reached throughout the confining fluid and the samples. Once stable, axial loading was initiated in constant axial strain rate control at a rate of 5.0 x 10-6 s-1 until macroscopic failure occurred or a significant amount of post peak-stress axial strain was recorded (between 2% and 5%). We note that one test was conducted at the higher temperature of T=120°C with a result within 2.5% of the strength at T=60°C (Table 1). As this is below the expected sample-to-sample variability, no further temperature studies were conducted. The axial load, axial load actuator displacement, axial stress (s1), differential stress (Q=s1 - s3), confining pressure Pc (= s2= s3), confining pressure actuator displacement, axial strain (eax), circumferential strain (ecirc) and temperature were monitored throughout at sampling frequencies of 1s and 0.5kN. File names are: YYYY-MM-DD_LabProjectNumber_SiteName-SampleNumber

Triaxial compressive strength tests on 'Comiso' Limestone (Ragusa Formation; Sicily, Italy) samples
This dataset contains raw experimental triaxial testing data as outlined in "Castagna, A., Ougier‐Simonin, A., Benson, P. M., Browning, J., Walker, R. J., Fazio, M., & Vinciguerra, S. (2018). Thermal damage and pore pressure effects of the Brittle‐Ductile transition in Comiso limestone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123(9), 7644-7660.s, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2017JB015105". The data is provided in a .zip folder containing the files of 16 experiments that are accompanied by a README file for introduction. Files format is Microsoft Excel Worksheet (.xlsx) and data are tabulated. Each file contains the corresponding relevant sample’s details, and each column of data is clearly labelled, units included. For each experiment, time, radial and axial pumps volume displacements and pressures, top and bottom pore fluid pumps volume displacements and pressures, internal temperature, LVDT signals were recorded. Twenty right cylindrical samples of ‘Comiso’ limestone (Ragusa Formation; Sicily) were tested in triaxial compression at a range of confining pressures simulating depths of 290 m, 620 m, 1.2 km, and 2.0 km respectively, assuming an average density of the over-burden load of 2470 kg/m3. Prior to strength test, each sample was either oven dried (ca. 12 hours at 85 °C followed by cooling in a desiccator for 1 hour) or water saturated (samples in distilled water under vacuum for 24 hours). A subset of these samples has also been thermally treated at 150, 300, 450 and 600oC to induce thermal cracking prior to the mechanical testing. All tests were conducted at 10-5 s-1 axial strain rate in assumed drained conditions when relevant, and at room temperature. For saturated tests, the initial loading was applied in two steps, first by increasing Pc hydrostatically (σ1=σ2=σ3) until the desired confining pressure was reached, and then introducing pore fluid pressure, as per the functionality of the experimental set-up. The experiments were conducted by Drs A. Castagna, M. Fazio and P. Benson using the Snachez triaxial cell at the Rock Mechanics Laboratory of the University of Portsmouth. All responsible for the collection and initial interpretation of the data. Only 17 experiments are reported in this set of data; the missing 3 datasets are believed to be only available on the local computer storage of the triaxial apparatus used at that time.

Triaxial data, hydrostatic loading data and processed representative elementary area (REA), grain size image analysis data for Bentheim, Castlegate and a synthetic sandstone sample (NERC Grant NE/L002469/1)
We examine the role of cement on compaction band formation by performing triaxial tests on three sandstones, Bentheim, Castlegate and a synthetic sandstone which possess very similar porosities (~26-29%) and grain sizes (~230-300 µm), but which are cemented differently, with syntaxial quartz overgrowths, clay, and amorphous quartz cement respectively. Each sample was taken to 5% axial strain at a starting effective stress equivalent to 85% of its hydrostatic yield (P*) value, which were identified from yield under hydrostatic loading. These data for the 3 samples are presented as matlab data files. Post-deformation, each of the 3 cores underwent backscatter SEM and subsequent image analysis to examine any localised variations in porosity and grain size. These data are presented as csv files. Discrete bands form in each of the 3 sandstones but are distributed differently across each sample. Our results suggest that cement type plays a significant role in the micromechanics of deformation within each of the sandstones, which in turn, determines where the compaction bands nucleate and develop. These results may provide a starting point to investigate the role of cement on compaction localisation further.

Tropical Andean chironomid calibration dataset and Laguna Pindo fossil record (NERC studentship grant NE/J500288/1)
Chironomid calibration data set for tropical South America. Surface sediment samples from 59 Andean lakes across Bolivia (15 lakes), Peru (32 lakes), and Ecuador (12 lakes) over an altitudinal gradient from 150m above sea level to 4655m above sea level between 0-17 degrees South and 64-78 degrees West. Laguna Pindo is a small shallow lake on the Ecuadorian Andes (1 27.132 degrees South and 78 04.847 degrees West, 1248m above sea level). See published paper, Inferring late-Holocene climate in the Ecuadorian Andes using a chironomid-based temperature inference model by Frazer Matthews-Bird, Stephen J. Brooks, Philip B. Holden, Encarni Montoya, and William D. Gosling (2016), . Clim. Past, 12, 1263-1280, 2016. doi:10.5194/cp-12-1263-2016

Tsunami trimlines identified across different islands of the Tonga archipelago (NERC Grant NE/X002454/1)
Tsunami trimlines identified across different islands of the Tonga archipelago. Trimlines have been used as a reference land feature following the January 2022 Tonga tsunami event that ripped off vegetation and built-up areas. Trimlines are distinctive limits between an area with sand coverage, vegetation destruction, and soil erosion on the one hand, and the unaffected natural vegetation on the other. This distinction provides a good landmark to map the inundation width and the landward extension of tsunami runup. In this case, the trimlines have been manually delineated by BGS - Earth Observation team using different high-resolution satellite datasets both optical (KompSat, Planet, Pleiades, WorldView) and radar (TerraSAR-X). Trimlines are well known from task-force publications documenting recent tsunami detection efforts and provide key information to support tsunami triggering mechanism models. For more info, see https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/tsunami-terms and Scheffers et al. (2012), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-010-9691-6

Tsunamis Affected Coast Points
Locations of coasts affected by tsunamis of unknown origin, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. In order to allow representation of different events, affected coasts are represented by points located in an average position for each event. Note: blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Tsunamis Origin Points
Locations of events which originated tsunamis, mapped by various national and regional mapping projects and recovered in the literature. Wherever possible, connected events reported in other EMODnet Geology layers are indicated in the Attribute table. Note: blank areas do not necessarily correspond to no occurrence.

Tugtutoq statistics (NERC Grant NE/J020877/2)
Scanned and annotated thin sections, in plane-polarised and cross-polarised light. Derivative statistical data for mineral grainsize and spatial distribution. Younger Giant Dyke, Tugtutoq, South Greenland.

Tungsten isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Tungsten (W), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Turbulent convective length scale in planetary cores (NERC grant NE/M017893/1)
Data extracted from numerical simulations of rotating Boussinesq convection in spherical geometry and published in Guervilly, Cardin & Schaeffer (2019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1301-5). The simulations were run with Ekman numbers varying between 1e-6 and 1e-11, Rayleigh numbers between 6e7 and 5.25e13 and Prandtl numbers between 0.1 and 0.01. The data include: power spectra of the kinetic energy as a function of the azimuthal wavenumber; Rossby numbers and convective length scale; radial velocity in the equatorial plane for 4 selected simulations at varying Ekman number (Ek=1e-8 to 1e-11).

Two-phase modeling of water partitioning between liquid iron and silicate melt (NERC Grant NE/S01134X/1)
The two-phase modeling of water between liquid iron and silicate melt at 50 and 135 gigapascals (corresponding to 3500 and 4200 kelvin) was performed by using ab initio molecular dynamics implemented in the Vienna Ab Initio Simulation Package.

Type And Figured Microfossils.
All type and figured calcareous microfossils and palynmorphs held in the BGS collections are registered using the prefix 'MPK'. To date MPK1 to 13400 have been used. Information includes name, locality, geological details and journal details.

U-Pb isotopic data for Chelyabinsk meteorite phosphates (NERC Grant NE/L002507/1)
U-Pb isotope ratio data set for numerous phosphate (apatite) grains in two thin section samples of the LL5 S4-6 Chelyabinsk meteorite. One section is of the S4-6 light lithology, and another of the S5-6 dark lithology. Samples analysed were section ‘A' (light lithology) and section ‘B’ (dark lithology) of Chelyabinsk, both from the Open University School of Physical Sciences sample collection. The results demonstrate variability in degree of Pb-loss during collisional reheating from pristine versus damaged apatite crystal domains. These results are reported for a meteorite fall which originally happened near Chelyabinsk in Russia. The results otherwise have no geographic location, as this is a sample of an asteroid. All measurements were made in December 2020. These data were collected using Secondary Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) with a CAMECA IMS 1280 at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGGCAS). The thin sections were polished with colloidal silica, cleaned, and coated with gold prior to analysis. Microtextural information was obtained prior to analysis using a combination of back-scatter-electron, cathodoluminescence, and electron-back-scatter-diffraction analysis. Data were obtained to test hypotheses relating to the competition between macro-to-meso-scale thermally-driven variation in Pb-loss rates versus microscale variation driven by grain-specific features, e.g., fracture networks. An article describing and discussing these results, including further methodological steps in their collection and processing, is due for publication. This information is currently available in preprint form on arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.06038

U-Th chronology results of Siberian and Mongolian speleothems, data used as the basis of a scientific paper. (NERC Grant NE/G013829/1)
The data presented in the Table 1 are U-Th chronology results of Siberian and Mongolian speleothems. This data is a basis for a scientific paper of Vaks, A. et al. (2013) "Speleothems Reveal 500,000-Year History of Siberian Permafrost." Science 340 (6129): 183-186. The table shows the ages of 111 layers of 36 speleothems taken from the six caves of Siberia and Mongolia. Vadose speleothems grow in caves of unsaturated zone when atmospheric water infiltrates into the caves from the surface. Therefore these speleothems cannot grow in permafrost, as well as in dry desert conditions. Therefore in Siberia the periods of speleothem growth show intervals during which the Siberian permafrost thawed and became discontinuous or absent. In Mongolian Gobi Desert the speleothem deposition periods show when the desert was both humid than present and warm enough to enable water infiltration into the caves. The data presented in tables 2 and 3 are OxCal-4.1 modeling results of the Table 1 chronology data for the Holocene (Table 2) and Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 5.5 (Table 3). The tables show exact durations of Holocene and MIS-5.5 permafrost thawing periods in Botovskaya and Okhotnichya Caves.

U/Pb ratios in olivine-hosted melt inclusions in intraplate (ocean island magmas) setting (NERC grant NE/K008862/1)
A worldwide compilation of 189 analyses of U and Pb concentrations in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from ocean island magmas. These data were used in Delavault et al. (2016, Geology 44, 819-822) to calculate the present-day distribution of the U/Pb ratios in magmas generated in intraplate setting.

U/Pb ratios in olivine-hosted melt inclusions in subduction (island arc magmas) setting (NERC grant NE/K008862/1)
A worldwide compilation of 333 analyses of U and Pb concentrations in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from island arc magmas. These data were used in Delavault et al. (2016, Geology 44, 819-822) to calculate the present-day distribution of the U/Pb ratios in magmas generated in subduction setting.

UK Coal Resource for New Exploitation Technologies
Several coal resource maps for the whole of the UK have been produced by the British Geological Survey as a result of joint work with Department of Trade and Industry and the Coal Authority. The UK Coal Resource for new exploitation technologies map is a map of Britain depicting the spatial extent of the principal coal resources overlayed with existing workings and potential new technologies for accessing the resource. The map also shows the areas where coal and lignite are present at the surface and also where coal is buried at depth beneath younger rocks. The project covers all onshore coalfields in the UK, including Northern Ireland. It includes coal under estuaries and near-shore areas that can practically be reached by land-based directional drilling. No data more than 5 km offshore were considered. The maps are intended to be used for resource development, energy policy, strategic planning, land-use planning, the indication of hazard in mined areas, environment assessment and as a teaching aid. In addition to a summary map at 1:750000 scale for Britain data also exists for each technology of 21 individual regions or coal fields at a scale of 1:100000. The data was published in printed map form for the summary map, inkjet plots for the 42 individual maps and as PDF documents on CD. The maps were accompanied by BGS report CR/04/015N, "UK Coal Resource for New Technologies, Final Report". The work was initiated in April 2002 and completed in October 2003. The data was also simplified for inclusion in the Britain Beneath your Feet atlas 2005.

UK continental shelf seabed sediments (1:1 million scale)
UK continental shelf seabed sediment data at 1:1 million scale. This data layer is the BGS contribution to the OneGeology project, providing UK onshore geological data at 1:625 000 scale and UK continental shelf seabed sediment data at 1:1 million scale.

UK Earthquake Seismogram Data.
Recordings of earthquakes and other signals (such as quarry blasts, explosions, sonic booms and collapses) made by a network of seismometers and similar sensors across the UK. Recordings start in 1977 (with a few events recorded before this) and continue to the present day. Data is used for monitoring of seismic activity, studies of seismic hazard and scientific study of the Earth's interior. Data is freely available on request. Some data can be retrieved from the BGS AutoDRM (Automatic Data Request Manager) service. Time series data recorded by UK seismic networks.

UK Gas column pressures and CO2 content database.
The data consists of a spreadsheet containing gas column height, CO2 content and estimated retained buoyancy pressures for Southern North Sea gas fields, based on published information. The data were obtained from published field records and papers on behalf of the 'Fault seal controls on CO2 storage capacity in aquifers' project funded by the UKCCS Research Centre, grant number UKCCSRC-C1-14.

UK Geomagnetic Observatory Hourly Mean Values.
Digital hourly mean values of the Geomagnetic field elements from Lerwick, Eskdalemuir, Abinger and Hartland Observatories. Eskdalemuir data are available from 1911, Lerwick from 1926, Hartland from 1957 and all three are available up to yesterday's date. Values from Abinger (1926-1956) are available on request. Most data are definitive, but recent data (within the last 203 years) are provisional and may be corrected in the future. Values of declination (D), horizontal intensity (H) and vertical intensity (Z) are available. The units of declination are degrees. Declination is negative when west of true north. The units of horizontal intensity and vertical intensity are nT (nanotesla). Vertical intensity is positive in the downwards direction. The data from these observatories will not only aid scientific research into rates of change of the magnetic field and increase the accuracy of the BGS Global Geomagnetic Model, but will also provide data to exploration geophysicists engaged in current and future oil exploration.

UK Geomagnetic Observatory K-Indices.
The K-index scale summarises geomagnetic activity at an observatory by assigning a code, an integer in the range 0 to 9 (0 being the least active field and 9 the most active field) to each 3-hour Universal Time (UT) interval. K-Indices are available for Lerwick, Eskdalemuir, Greenwich, Abinger and Hartland Magnetic Observatories. From 1954-90 the values are hand scaled, from 1991 to the present day they are automatically scaled. The data not only aids scientific research into rates of change of the magnetic field and increases the accuracy of the BGS Global Geomagnetic Model, but also provides data to exploration geophysicists engaged in current and future oil exploration.

UK geomagnetic observatory one-minute mean values
Digital one-minute values of the Geomagnetic field elements from Lerwick, Eskdalemuir and Hartland Observatories. Data are available from 1979 up to the present day. Most data are definitive, but recent data (within the last 2-3 years) and data between 1979 and 1982 are provisional and may be corrected in the future. The data from these observatories will not only aid scientific research into rates of change of the magnetic field and increase the accuracy of the BGS Global Geomagnetic Model, but will also provide data to exploration geophysicists engaged in current and future oil exploration.

UK Hydrographic Office (UKHO) Geophysical Survey 1974/13: Lizard and SW Approaches (05/05/1974 to 06/09/1974)
This geophysical survey has been carried out by, Institute of Geological Sciences (IGS) now British Geological Survey (BGS) for Department of Energy, the survey took place from May to September 1974 in the western English Channel on board the HMS Hecate. These purpose was to collect data to link deep seismic information to the outcrop geology. Sea floor data were collected using Echo Sounder, Gravimeter, Magnetometer, Sidescan Sonar. Sub-bottom profiling data were collected using Sparker. These data are archived by BGS. Details of the survey are contained in IGS Annual Report 1974.

UK Hydrographic Office (UKHO) Sampling Survey 1970/14: Southern Approaches to Sea of the Hebrides (19/Sep/1970 to 14/Oct/1970)
This sampling survey has been carried out by the Hydrographic Department of the Ministry of Defence, the survey took place from September to October 1970 in the Sea of the Hebrides on board HMS Hecla. They provided sample material to the Institiute of Geological Sciences (now BGS) who provided a geological determination. These data are archived by BGS. No BGS survey report currently available.

UK in-situ stress field orientation from borehole breakouts and drilling induced tensile fractures identified using borehole imaging
This datasets contains 323 observations of borehole breakouts across and drilling induced tensile fractures from borehole imaging used to re-characterise the UK stress field orientation in 2016. This was published in the Journal of Marine and Petroleum Geology and is openly available using doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.02.012 The observations relate to 39 wells from Central England, Northern England and Northern Scotland and are provided with links to screen grabs of the images for clarity. The basic well metadata is supplied along with a description of the dataset. The Images were generated in the IMAGE DISPLAY module of the Landmark RECALL software and are supplied on an “as shown” basis. Descriptions of the tools and the techniques used are listed in the accompanying paper: KINGDON, A., FELLGETT, M. W. & WILLIAMS, J. D. O. 2016. Use of borehole imaging to improve understanding of the in-situ stress orientation of Central and Northern England and its implications for unconventional hydrocarbon resources. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 73, 1-20.

UK in-situ stress field orientation from borehole breakouts and drilling induced tensile fractures identified using borehole imaging (2020)
This datasets contains 323 observations of borehole breakouts across and drilling induced tensile fractures from borehole imaging used to re-characterise the UK stress field orientation in 2016. This was published in the Journal of Marine and Petroleum Geology and is openly available using doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.02.012 The observations relate to 39 wells from Central and Northern England and are provided with links to screen grabs of the images for clarity. The basic well meta data is supplied along with a description of the dataset. The Images were generated in the IMAGE DISPLAY module of the Landmark RECALL software. and are supplied on an “as shown” basis. Descriptions of the tools and the techniques used are listed in the accompanying paper: KINGDON, A., FELLGETT, M. W. & WILLIAMS, J. D. O. 2016. Use of borehole imaging to improve understanding of the in-situ stress orientation of Central and Northern England and its implications for unconventional hydrocarbon resources. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 73, 1-20.

UK Magnetic Observatory Magnetograms.
Magnetograms are records of variations in the strength and direction of the Earth’s magnetic field. Historically these magnetograms were recorded on paper using photographic techniques. In the UK, measurements were made at eight long-running observatories; Abinger, Eskdalemuir, Falmouth, Greenwich, Hartland, Kew, Lerwick, and Stonyhurst. BGS also hold magnetogram records from the Cape Evans observatory that ran continuously at Robert Falcon Scott’s Antarctic base camp during the British Antarctic Expedition 1910–13. The magnetogram collection, one of the longest running geomagnetic series in the world, provides a continuous record of more than 160 years of UK measurements. These magnetograms start in the 1840s and end in 1986 at which time digital recording of the magnetic field took over and magnetograms can be produced by computer graphic. The plots show variation in the Earth's magnetic field, typically over a 24-hour period. The collection is a valuable, partly untapped data resource for studying geomagnetic storms, space weather and the evolution of the Earth’s magnetic field. The magnetograms provide insight into: • the Earth’s outer core: long-term change (years to centuries) in the dynamo that sustains our magnetic field • space weather: short-term changes (seconds to days) in near-Earth space and on the ground • space climate: long-term change (decades to centuries) in solar activity and consequences for Earth’s environment All the above have an impact on human activities. For example, bad space weather affects technologies that we increasingly rely on, such as electrical power and GPS networks. In response to the threat of loss from degradation due to age and a desire to preserve and exploit old data, BGS undertook a programme of work to digitally photograph, archive and preserve the analogue paper records of magnetic field variation in the United Kingdom. Between 2009 and 2013, high-quality digital images of every available magnetogram were taken. These images are available to search online. Scientists and the general public around the world can now gain easy access to this historical dataset.

UK Miscellaneous: Paper: The potential for aquifer disposal of carbon dioxide in the UK 1993 (early CO2 storage paper)
This is one of the early papers on CO2 storage. Natural analogues indicate that it is possible to dispose of CO2 underground in closed structures on deep aquifers. Disposal into depleted or exhausted hydrocarbon fields has many advantages, e.g. proven seal, known storage capacity, no exploration costs. Unfortunately there are very few hydrocarbon fields in the UK onshore area, and their total CO2 storage capacity is very low compared to annual UK CO2 production from power generation. The best aquifers for CO2 disposal onshore are the widespread Permo-Triassic sandstones. Further onshore potential exists in younger Mesozoic reservoirs. Offshore, disposal into depleted oil fields (where cost credits from enhanced oil recovery could be beneficial) or the Perno-Triassic gas fields of the southern North Sea, and nearby associated closures of the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone aquifer, appear to provide the best prospects. doi:10.1016/0196-8904(93)90038-C.

UK Miscellaneous: Report: A preliminary feasibility study for the underground disposal of carbon dioxide in UK 1991 (THE first UK CO2 storage publication)
This is THE first CO2 storage publication produced in the UK. The Association of the Coal Producers of the European Community are agreed that immediate action is required to reduce the build up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Harrison, 1990). This is considered necessary even though the effect of these gases on global climate and the human race, are very uncertain mainly because the factors and processes affecting climatic change are poorly understood. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511485/

UK Miscellaneous: Teesside Collective Reports and Publications
Teesside Collective is a cluster of leading industries with a shared vision: to establish Teesside as the go-to location for future clean industrial development by creating Europe’s first Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) equipped industrial zone. The Teesside Collective reports and publications including the Blueprint for Industrial CCS in the UK can be accessed from

UK newspaper reports of earthquakes
This is a collection of extracts from British newspapers describing earthquakes, mostly British. It contains original clippings, photocopies, and in a few cases manual transcriptions.

UK Onshore Geophysical Library (UKOGL)
The UK Onshore Geophysical Library was established in 1994 in conjunction with the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and the UK Onshore Operators Group (UKOOG). The Library manages the archive and official release of seismic data recorded over landward areas of the UK. By agreement with the DTI and HMSO, the Library operates as a registered charity, funded by revenues raised from data sales and donations, with the long term objective of bringing all available UK onshore digital seismic data into secure archival storage, whilst providing efficient access to all interested parties. BGS has access to the data at cost of copying only for science budget work. Data index on the BGS Geoscience Data Index.

UK sand and gravel database
The UK Sand and Gravel Database was compiled during the production of the Industrial Mineral Assessment Reports. The Department of the Environment commissioned this Report series from the British Geological Survey. Data collection extended from the first IMAU report in 1969 to the last report in 1990. The dataset is complete and is derived from reports with some additional boreholes that were never published. Standard procedures were adopted for whole project. Each report studied the sand and gravel resources of an area of between one hundred and two hundred square kilometres. Specially commissioned boreholes on a one kilometre grid basis were used in conjunction with existing geological knowledge to make a resource level assessment of the volume and quality of sand and gravel resource available. A total of 12,563 boreholes were drilled, 53,721 Lithological units described and 54,128 samples collected and graded. This information is presented in the appendixes of the individual reports and as a single database. Data collection is complete. Only factual corrections to the data are occasionally made. The dataset includes the borehole location, total depth, unit thickness, unit lithologies, and grading information.

UK Sustainable Development Goal 6.6.1: groundwater sub-indicator (1990-2019)
The dataset consists of data for the UK for the Sustainable Development Goal 6.6.1: groundwater sub-indicator for the period 1990 to 2019. The dataset reports for the UK against Sub-Indicator 5 of Goal 6.6.1, following the recommended procedures in the UNEP report on monitoring methodologies for that sub-indicator. The sub-indicator is defined as the change in mean groundwater levels, averaged over a five-year period, from a mean in levels over a previous five-year reference period. Groundwater level data was obtained from BGS’ WellMaster database. 192 groundwater level monitoring stations were processed and, following quality control, 154 were used to provide estimates of regional variation in groundwater levels for 19 of the 34 HydroBASINS at Level 6 in Great Britain and Northern Ireland. As required by the guidance in the monitoring methodology, the sites chosen are representative of local and regional groundwater systems and are observation and monitoring boreholes where groundwater levels are not systematically affected by abstraction. All sites chosen have average monitoring frequencies of greater than one observation a month. The dataset is provided as a .csv file with the following headers: Column A: HYBAS_ID, HydroBASIN unique identification number. Column B: reference period (1990 to 1994). Columns C to AA: reporting periods (five-year periods starting in 1991) with data reported as percentage change (relative to reference period) in running mean five-year groundwater level by HydroBasin.

UKCCSRC 2018: Report and data resulting from the UKCCSRC project 'Optimising methanol production from steel manufacture off-gases'
Two categories of data are presented: 1) Experimental data of catalyst performance under conditions for a Blast Furnace Gas (BFG) to methanol to process, comprising the monitored gas phase species evolution in a single channel micro reactor. 2) Process simulation and techno-economic analysis of the BFG-to-methanol process, comprising Aspen Plus V10 anotated process flowsheet, process model summary, stream results, reactor performances and cost analysis calculation. Funded by UKCCSRC 2018 Flexible Funding Call

UKCCSRC 2020: Cucurbit[5]uril-Incorporated Photocatalytic Membrane for Carbon Capture and Utilisation (IPM4CCU)
The dataset contains experimental data of the preparation of a photocatalytic membrane and its application in CO2 capture and utilization. The experiments were carried out in the Tang’s and Lan’s groups at the Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London during June-November 2020. Specifically, the data shows the preparation of cucurbit[6]uril and copper oxide which were empolyerd to prepare the photocatalytic membrane together with functional polymers. Preliminary results of the photocatalytic membrane for CO2 capture and utilization were also included. Funded by UKCCSRC 2020 Flexible Funding Call.

UKCCSRC 2020: Electrical Capacitance Tomography and Temperature profiles data for the experiment of CO2 frost formation during cryogenic carbon capture with tomography analysis at The University of Chester 2020
A dataset is presented for defining real-time CO2 frost formation in a vertical packed column. ECT could estimate the internal permittivity distribution of the sensing area through boundary measurements. The ECT system used in this work includes sensors, data acquisition system and a computer with imaging software. The excitation signal is a sine wave with 14 Vp-p and 200k Hz frequency. One measurement electrode is chosen for excitation; other electrodes are used to acquire the signal separately. The frame rate of the ECT system is 714 frames per second. The temperature of the bed material is recorded using thermocouples and data loggers, the thermocouples are inserted into the capture column from the top of the column and are adjusted to an appropriate height above the horizontal mixed gas injector. Using the thermocouples above and below the ECT sensor helped to estimate when frost formation would be occurring within the region of bed material that the ECT sensor was measuring. The presence of this plateau in the temperature profiles identifies that CO2 frost is forming within the bed and has reached an equilibrium. We include data of ECT capacitance and temperature during the whole progress. It was found that the temperature, packing material and component of mixer gas all effect the ECT measurement. This dataset could be used to withstand extreme low temperature conditions or in desublimation processes, and its potential application to decarbonise the marine transport is significant to avoid costs if using new infrastructure for ammonia or hydrogen manufacture. Our results indicate that ECT has potential to be a novel technique for monitoring dynamic CO2 frost formation during cryogenic carbon capture. The associated report is included in the data too. Accompanying paper: Preliminary study of CO2 frost formation during cryogenic carbon capture using tomography analysis - ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125271.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project (C1-27) - 'Experimental investigation with PACT facility and CFD modelling of oxy-coal combustion on recycling real flue gas and vent gas of compression and purification units' - Methodologies and Data

UKCCSRC Call 1 project blog: Flexible CCS Network Development, Update, 06.03.14
This is a blog (Update, 06.03.14) on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Flexible CCS Network Development. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-40.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project blog: Flexible CCS Network Development, Workshop1, 30.04.14
This is a blog (Workshop1, 30.04.14) on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Flexible CCS Network Development. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-40.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project blog: Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation for PCC, Update, 22.01.14
This is a blog (Update, 22.01.14) on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation for PCC. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-36.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project blog: Multi-Phase Flow Modelling for Hazardous Assessment, Final, 18.11.14
This is a blog (Final, 18.11.14) on the UKCCSRC (UK Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre) Call 1 project, Multi-Phase Flow Modelling for Hazardous Assessment. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-07.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project blog: Oxyfuel and EGR Processes in GT Combustion, Final, 01.08.14
This is a blog (Final, 01.08.14) on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Oxyfuel and EGR Processes in GT Combustion. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-26.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project blog: Oxyfuel and EGR Processes in GT Combustion, Update, 01.11.13
This is a blog (Update, 01.11.13) on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Oxyfuel and EGR Processes in GT Combustion. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-26.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project blog: Tractable Equation of State for CO2 Mixtures, Update, 27.08.14
This is a blog (Update, 27.08.14) on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Tractable Equation of State for CO2 Mixtures. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-22.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project data: Atmospheric burner tests 2014
Atmospheric Burner Tests With Oxygen, Nitrogen And Carbon Dioxide. Excel File. Testing undertaken May / June 2014. Data used is detailed in report: Oxyfuel And Exhaust Gas Recirculation Processes In Gas Turbine Combustion For Improved Carbon Capture Performance. August 2014. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-26.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project data: CO2 equation of state software
CO2 equation of state software from UKCCSRC project: Tractable equations of state for CO2 mixtures in CCS: Algorithms for automated generation and optimisation, tailored to end-users and tutorial presentation to support equation of state software. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-22.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project data: HPCR Oxyfuel Testing with CO2 Aug 2014
Pressurised Large Scale Generic Burner Tests With Oxygen, Air And Carbon Dioxide. Excel File. Testing Undertaken August 2014. Data Used Is Detailed In Report: Oxyfuel And Exhaust Gas Recirculation Processes In Gas Turbine Combustion For Improved Carbon Capture Performance. Final Report Including Combustion Testing Results. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-26.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project data: Phase 1 data thermal oxygen
Data associated with the UKCCSRC thermal oxygen project - UKCCSRC-1-39, including rig design, reactor and burner design diagrams, heat transfer calculations for thermal oxygen, CuO-AI2O3 particles preparation procedure document, etc. Data is restricted.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project data: Results of a consultation with QICS researchers
The NERC-funded QICS controlled CO2 release experiment (located offshore Oban, Scotland) mimics the formation of a new CO2 seep in the marine environment. At the site, CO2 is injected at an onshore wellhead, and a stainless steel pipe transports the CO2 under the seabed. Approximately 350 m offshore, the CO2 is released through a perforated screen into the 12 metres of overlying marine sediment, which is at approximately 10 metres water depth. During spring/summer 2012, 4.2 tonnes of CO2 was released at the QICS experimental site. In order to establish stakeholder views on the research priorities for the site, consultations for three 'audiences' were performed via online questionnaires. These 'audiences' were: 1. QICS research community: Researchers actively involved in the QICS project were asked to complete an online questionnaire. The questionnaire aimed to gather participants' reflections of the QICS CO2 injection experiment in Summer 2012, and also to consult on the scientific priorities for possible future activity at the site. 2. CCS (storage) research community: The international CCS research community (specifically, researchers working on aspects of CO2 storage) were consulted via an online questionnaire distributed by the IEAGHG storage network mailing list in June 2013. The survey aimed to gather their reflections of the QICS project, and to consult on the scientific priorities for possible future activity at the site. The survey had 24 respondents with a broad range of expertise and representing both industry and research organisations from 10 countries. 3. Technology industry: Technology industries were consulted via an online questionnaire. The survey aimed to gather consult on the scientific priorities for science and technology development at possible future activity at the site, and also to scope potential interest from technology developers. For each of these consultations there is a report (presenting a synthesis of the survey responses) and also the dataset for all three surveys. All of these files are confidential. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-31.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project final report: Oxyfuel and exhaust gas recirculation processes in gas turbine combustion for improved carbon capture performance
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project Oxyfuel and exhaust gas recirculation processes in gas turbine combustion for improved carbon capture performance was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-26. This research is concerned with oxyfuel combustion in gas turbine applications, in particular concentrating on the use of modern swirl-stabilised burners. Oxyfuel is considered a particularly challenging idea, since the resultant burning velocity and flame temperatures will be significantly higher than what might be deemed as a practical or workable technology. For this reason it is widely accepted that EGR-derived CO2 will be used as a diluent and moderator for the reaction (in essence replacing the role of atmospheric nitrogen). The key challenges in developing oxyfuel gas turbine technology are therefore: • Flame stability at high temperatures and burning rates. • The use of CO2 as a combustion diluent. • Potential for CO emission into the capture plant. • Wide or variable operating envelopes across diluent concentrations. • Differences in the properties of N2 and CO2 giving rise to previously unmeasured flame heat release locations.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project paper: Carbon dioxide storage in the Captain Sandstone aquifer: determination of in situ stresses and fault-stability analysis
Peer reviewed paper published in the journal Petroleum Geoscience - the paper describes work carried-out on behalf of the 'Fault seal controls on CO2 storage capacity in aquifers' project funded by the UKCCS Research Centre, grant number UKCCSRC-C1-14. The geomechanical stability of faults affecting the Captain Sandstone and its overburden in the Inner Moray Firth region is investigated in terms of the ability of the faulted reservoir to safely store CO2. Also available online at http://pg.lyellcollection.org/content/22/3/211.full.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project paper: Enhanced operating flexibility and optimised off-design operation of coal plants with post-combustion capture
The inherent nature of electricity necessitates a permanent balance between generation and demand in electricity systems. This has obvious implications for the operation of CCS power plants in decarbonised electricity systems with inflexible nuclear and variable renewable supply. The low variable costs of nuclear and some intermittent renewable technology allow them to run as base-load generators and shift fossil fuel plants from base-load to midmerit plants. CCS power plants can be expected to increasingly operate in ways to balance variations, sometimes simultaneously, in the production of some intermittent renewable technologies and variations in electricity demand, resulting in more frequent ramping and start/stop cycles. As a result, they may also operate over a wide output range to maintain the quality and security of electricity supply by providing ancillary services, e.g. capacity and energy reserve, to the electricity network. This work characterises the operating envelope, the performance and the corresponding compressed CO2 flow of coal power plants for a range of loads, with or without voluntary by-pass of the capture unit. Optimised part-load operating strategies provide novel insights into the additional capabilities of CCS power plants specifically designed for enhanced operating flexibility. The paper is available at DOI: doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.786.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project paper: Modelling the non-equilibrium two-phase flow during depressurisation of CO2 pipelines
This UKCCSRC (UK Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre) Call 1 project involved the development, testing and validation of a two-fluid transient flow model for simulating outflow following the failure of high pressure CO2 pipelines is presented. The project made use of experimental data and used experimental data available from other UK/EC funded projects. The model developed accounts for thermal and mechanical non-equilibrium effects during depressurisation by utilising simple constitutive relations describing inter-phase mass, heat and momentum transfer in terms of relaxation to equilibrium. Pipe wall/fluid heat exchange on the other hand is modelled by coupling the fluid model with a finite difference transient heat conduction model. This paper describes the model, the details of its numerical solution and its validation as well as parametric analysis of relevant parameters. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2014.08.013. UKCCSRC grant UKCCSRC-C1-07.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project paper: Operational flexibility options in power plants 1 with integrated post-combustion capture
Flexibility in power plants with amine based carbon dioxide (CO2) capture is identified in the literature as a way of improving power plant revenues. Despite the prior art, the value of flexibility in power plants with CO2 capture as a way to improve power plant revenues is still unclear. Most studies are based on simplifying assumptions about the capabilities of power plants to operate at part load and to regenerate additional solvent after interim storage of solvent. This work addresses this gap by examining the operational flexibility of coal power plants with amine based CO2 capture, using a rigorous fully integrated model. The part-load performance, with capture and compression bypass, and with interim solvent storage with delayed regeneration, of two coal power plant configurations designed for base load operation with capture, and with the ability to fully bypass capture, is reported. With advanced integration options, including boiler sliding pressure control, uncontrolled steam extraction with a floating crossover pressure, constant stripper pressure operation and compressor inlet guide vanes, a significant reduction of the electricity output penalty at 50% fuel input is observed, from 458 kWh/tCO2 to 345 kWh/tCO2, compared to a reduction from 361 to 342 kWh/tCO2 at 100% fuel input. Advanced integration options for improved part-load allow for maximum additional solvent regeneration, although to a lower magnitude than conventional integration options. The latter can maintain CO2 flow export within 10% of maximum flow across 30% to 78% of MCR (Maximum continuous rating). One hour of interim solvent storage at 100% MCR is evaluated to be optimally regenerated in 4 hrs at 55%MCR, and 3 hours at 30% MCR, providing rigorously validated useful guidelines for the increasing number of techno-economic studies on power plant flexibility, and CO2 flow profiles for further studies on integrated CO2 networks. The paper is available at DOI: doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.01.027.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: 3D Mapping of Large-Scale Subsurface Flow Pathways using Nanoseismic Monitoring, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project 3D Mapping of Large-Scale Subsurface Flow Pathways using Nanoseismic Monitoring was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-19. Injection of fluids into geological formations induces microseismic events due to pressure changes causing either opening mode or shear mode fracturing. Injection for CO2 storage is designed to be well below the pressures required for hydraulic fracturing. Due to the inherent heterogeneity of geological formations, some existing structures will be critically stressed so small microseismic events are inevitable. Current reservoir monitoring strategies either examine time-lapse variations in the rock’s elastic properties (4D seismic) over diffuse areas, or aim to detect leakage from diffuse and point sources at the seabed (e.g. the QICS project). The aim of the project is twofold: • test the potential of a new technology (nanoseismics) for passive seismic monitoring that aims to image focused flow pathways at depth of an active CO2 injection site: the Aquistore site, Canada; • use a multi-disciplinary approach to interpret passive seismic data sets obtained during operation of the same site.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Bio-CAP-UK: Air/oxy biomass combustion with CO2 capture technology, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project Bio-CAP-UK: Air/oxy biomass combustion with CO2 capture technology was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-38. Bio-CCS - bioenergy with carbon capture and storage - has the ability to achieve potential net negative CO2 emissions, vital for meeting legally binding and increasingly stringent emission targets and carbon budgets. Bio-CCS has a large and distinct potential for significantly lowering CO2 emissions from energy production; thus the key messages from this programme will have clear policy implications on decarbonisation strategies. The Bio-CAP-UK project aims to accelerate progress towards achieving operational excellence for flexible, efficient and environmentally sustainable bio-CCS thermal power plants by developing and assessing fundamental knowledge. This is being achieved through extensive multi-scale experimental work, including bench and pilot-plant tests, combined with system simulations, techno-economic analysis and life cycle studies. The programme focuses on comparing air-firing coupled with post-combustion carbon capture to oxy-fuel combustion.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: CO2 storage in Palaeogene and Neogene hydrogeological systems of the North Sea, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project CO2 storage in Palaeogene and Neogene hydrogeological systems of the North Sea: preparation of an IODP scientific drilling bid was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-30. The North Sea Basin (NSB) is considered to be suitable for commercial-scale CO2 storage, due to its favourable geological setting, its proximity to sources, and pioneering operational experience storing CO2 at the Sleipner injection site. The shallow Neogene and Quaternary sediments of the NSB form the overburden and seal to these underlying CO2 reservoirs but are under-researched, even though the NSB is a mature petroleum system, penetrated by many thousands of wells. Quaternary sediments, up to 1000 metres thick, are in general bypassed to reach the deeper, profitable hydrocarbon resources. UKCCSRC and CLIMIT programme funded scientific, governmental and industrial partners from the UK and Norway to collaborate with the purpose of submitting a proposal to the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) for scientific drilling to investigate the overburden to CO2 storage strata.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Determination of water Solubility in CO2 Mixtures, Cambridge Biannual, 02.04.14
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Determination of water Solubility in CO2 Mixtures, was presented at the Cambridge Biannual, 02.04.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-21.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Determination of water Solubility in CO2 Mixtures, Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Determination of water Solubility in CO2 Mixtures, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-21.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Determination of water Solubility in CO2 Mixtures, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project Determination of water solubility limits in CO2 mixtures to deliver water specification levels for CO2 transportation was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-21. Studies of the phase behaviour and water solubility of pure and impure CO2 are of great relevance to the transport phase of the carbon capture and storage (CCS) process. For transport through carbon steel pipelines, CO2 and any impurities present must be present as a single phase to avoid corrosion, and subsequent loss of pipeline integrity. Trace impurities such as H2 and N2 have been shown to alter the phase behaviour of the CO2 at high pressure. Understanding the effect of these impurities on the solubility of H2O in CO2 is vital to confirm the safety and viability of CO2 transport through carbon steel pipelines.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Experimental investigation and CFD modelling of oxy-coal combustion, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project Experimental investigation with PACT facility and CFD modelling of oxy-coal combustion with recycling real flue gas was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-27. Oxy-coal combustion technology has gained confidence and maturity especially within the last decade (Santos S. 2012) compared to the much earlier studies (Kimura et al., 1995; Wang et al., 1988). However, there are still a number of research challenges associated with flue gas recycling, gas clean-up and plant scale tools and models. Flue gas recycling affects the purity of CO2, oxygen mixing, and ignition of coal particles and flame stability. There is lack of experimental data with real flue gas recycling or treated vent gas recycling, which is one of the available options to achieve the target of zero emissions (Hack et al., 2011), at pilot-scale for the validation of CFD models. The project focuses on the following tasks: • Experimental investigation of oxy-coal combustion, ignition and flame stability with the 250kWth PACT Oxy-Coal Combustion furnace with real and simulated flue gas recycling • Experimental investigation of oxy-coal combustion ignition and flame stability with a laboratory visual drop tube furnace • CFD simulation of the 250kWth PACT Oxy-coal combustion furnace.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Experimental investigation and CFD modelling of oxy-coal combustion, Sheffield Biannual, 08.04.13
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Experimental investigation and CFD modelling of oxy-coal combustion, was presented at the Sheffield Biannual, 08.04.13. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-27.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Fault Seal Controls on Aquifer CO2 Storage Capacity, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project Fault Seal Controls on Aquifer CO2 Storage Capacity was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-14. Structural traps for storage of supercritical CO2 will commonly rely on a component of fault seal. Faults are among the most important natural potential migration pathways for buoyant fluids stored in reservoir rocks. Failure of storage integrity may occur either by mechanical failure or by flow across faults due to geometric juxtaposition of the reservoir against similarly permeable rocks and/or lack of a low permeability fault gouge. This project aimed to reduce uncertainty relating to the sealing capacity of faults affecting prospective North Sea saline aquifers, by: • Studying the controls on fault seal capability in naturally-occurring fault-bound CO2 accumulations (Fizzy and Oak), • Assessing the geomechanical stability of faults affecting an important saline aquifer offshore UK (Captain Sandstone), • Investigating the characteristics of apparently hydraulically-conductive faults in the North Sea (Netherlands).

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Fault seal controls on storage capacity, Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15
This poster was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-14. The data consists of a poster presented at the UKCCSRC biannual meeting in Cranfield, April 20th 2015. The poster describes an overview of work carried-out on behalf of the 'Fault seal controls on CO2 storage capacity in aquifers' project funded by the UKCCS Research Centre, grant number UKCCSRC-C1-14. Three main work strands are briefly described: 1) The Captain Sandstone aquifer is studied for the geomechanical integrity of faults, 2) Shallow gas accumulations in the Netherlands sector of the Southern North Sea provide an opportunity to study their coincidence with faulting while commonalities in the nature of the faults provide an indication of factors that might lead to fault leakage in CO2 storage sites. 3) The Fizzy gas field which is naturally rich in CO2 is studied for its fault seal potential as a natural analogue for fault-bounded storage sites.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Flexible CCS Network Development (FleCCSnet), CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project Flexible CCS Network Development (FleCCSnet) was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-40. The aim of the project was to carry out research to enable the production of design and operating guidelines for CCS pipeline networks in order that these networks can react effectively to short, medium and long term variations in the availability and flow of CO2 from capture plants and also to the constraints imposed on the system by the ability (or otherwise) of CO2 storage facilities to accept variable flow. The amount of CO2 captured at a power station is expected to become more variable in the future as the electricity grid brings in more and more intermittent renewable energy (meaning a conventional power station is temporarily not needed or in reduced operation as the renewable energy takes precedent). The storage site will also face periods of maintenance which will impose constraints on the flow into the store and it is also important to look at the case of upset conditions in order to be able to predict any potential problems. Solutions to these all these issues need to be factored into the design of the CCS network, the focus of the project was to identify the issues surrounding flexibility and explore some of them.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Flexible CCS Network Development, Cambridge Biannual, 02.04.14
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Flexible CCS Network Development, was presented at the Cambridge Biannual, 02.04.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-40.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Flexible CCS Network Development, Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Flexible CCS Network Development, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-40.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Chemical Looping for low-cost Oxygen Production, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project Chemical looping for low-cost oxygen production and other applications was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-39. The project is based on the concept of CLOU (chemical looping oxygen uncoupling). Various forms of chemical looping are possible with different degrees of integration between the oxygen release and the thermal energy production cycles. • Most of the CLC and CLOU processes proposed thus far are conducted in a fluidised bed reactor encountering problems of contamination of the oxygen carrier and fuel leakage. • The project has designed a hybrid form of chemical looping that achieves the optimal degree of integration of oxygen release and thermal energy production. • The need for intimate contact between the oxygen carrier and the solid fuel is also avoided.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Chemical Looping for low-cost Oxygen Production, Sheffield Biannual, 08.04.13
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Chemical Looping for low-cost Oxygen Production, was presented at the Sheffield Biannual, 08.04.13. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-39.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation for PCC, Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation for PCC, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-36.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation for PCC, Nottingham Biannual, 04.09.13
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation for PCC, was presented at the Nottingham Biannual, 04.09.13. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-36.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation for PCC, Sheffield Biannual, 8.04.13
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation for PCC, was presented at the Sheffield Biannual, 8.04.13. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-36.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Mixed matrix membranes for post-combustion carbon capture, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project Mixed matrix membranes for post-combustion carbon capture was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-19. • This work aims to develop an understanding of the gas transport mechanisms within mixed matrix membranes focussing on membranes for post-combustion carbon capture. • Separation of carbon dioxide from combustion flue gases using selective membranes shows promise to be a low energy carbon capture option and is proven as a commercially viable gas separation technology. • Membranes potentially offer significant energy savings over the currently more developed amine-based absorption technologies. • Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are composite materials comprised of particulate fillers in a polymeric matrix. • Polymer membranes exhibit a trade-off between permeability and selectivity. By adding fillers the gas separation properties of the membrane can be altered and improved. • MMMs are fabricated from various materials and the gas permeation properties tested such that the interaction of phases can be investigated.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Multi-Phase Flow Modelling for Hazardous Assessment, Cambridge Biannual, 02.04.14
This poster on the UKCCSRC (UK Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre) Call 1 project, Multi-Phase Flow Modelling for Hazardous Assessment, was presented at the Cambridge Biannual, 02.04.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-07.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Multi-Phase Flow Modelling for Hazardous Assessment, Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15
This poster on the UKCCSRC (UK Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre) Call 1 project, Multi-Phase Flow Modelling for Hazardous Assessment, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-07.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Multi-Phase Flow Modelling for Hazardous Assessment, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project Multiphase flow modelling for hazard assessment of dense phase CO2 pipelines containing impurities was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-07. The aim of the project is to develop and validate experimentally a heterogeneous flow model for predicting the transient depressurisation and outflow following the puncture of dense-phase CO2 pipelines containing typical impurities. Given that CO2 is an asphyxiant at high concentrations, this information is pivotal to assessing all the hazard consequences associated with CO2 pipeline failure, including fracture propagation behaviour, atmospheric dispersion, emergency shutdown valve dynamics and emergency blowdown.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Nano-seismic mapping at Aquistore, Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Nano-seismic mapping at Aquistore, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-19.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: North Sea aquifer mapping, Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, North Sea aquifer mapping, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-30.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Oxyfuel and EGR Processes in GT Combustion, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project Oxyfuel and exhaust gas recirculation processes in gas turbine combustion for improved carbon capture performance was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-26. This research is concerned with oxyfuel combustion in gas turbine applications, in particular concentrating on the use of modern swirl-stabilised burners. Oxyfuel is considered a particularly challenging idea, since the resultant burning velocity and flame temperatures will be significantly higher than what might be deemed as a practical or workable technology. For this reason it is widely accepted that EGR-derived CO2 will be used as a diluent and moderator for the reaction (in essence replacing the role of atmospheric nitrogen). The key challenges in developing oxyfuel gas turbine technology are therefore: • Flame stability at high temperatures and burning rates. • The use of CO2 as a combustion diluent. • Potential for CO emission into the capture plant. • Wide or variable operating envelopes across diluent concentrations. • Differences in the properties of N2 and CO2 giving rise to previously unmeasured flame heat release locations.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Oxyfuel and EGR Processes in GT Combustion, Nottingham Biannual, 04.08.13
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Oxyfuel and EGR Processes in GT Combustion, was presented at the Nottingham Biannual, 04.08.13. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-26.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Oxyfuel and EGR Processes in GT Combustion, Sheffield Biannual, 08.04.13
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Oxyfuel and EGR Processes in GT Combustion, was presented at the Sheffield Biannual, 08.04.13. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-26.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: QICS2 Scoping: Exploring the Viability and Scientific Opportunities of a Follow-On Project, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project QICS2 Scoping Project: Exploring the Viability and Scientific Opportunities of a Follow-On Marine Impact Project was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-31. The world's first sub-seabed CO2 release experiment was completed in 2014, offshore from Oban (Scotland). The project, known as QICS (Quantifying and Monitoring Potential Ecosystem Impacts of Geological Storage), mimicked the formation of a small-scale CO2 leak into sediments near the seabed. In 2012, CO2 was continuously injected into the sediments for 37 days, releasing a total of 4.2 tonnes of CO2. The QICS1 experiment was first of its kind, and was highly successful, enabling: i. field testing of monitoring technologies to detect CO2 against a measured baseline ii. assessment of environmental and ecosystem impacts of leaked CO2 (within the sediment and water column) iii. the flow and fate of CO2 in sediments, and dispersion and dilution of CO2 in seawater, to be explored.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Tractable Equation of State for CO2 Mixtures, Cambridge Biannual, 02.04.14
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Tractable Equation of State for CO2 Mixtures, was presented at the Cambridge Biannual, 02.04.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-22.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Tractable Equation of State for CO2 Mixtures, Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Tractable Equation of State for CO2 Mixtures, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-22.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: Tractable equations of state for CO2 mixtures in CCS, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project Tractable equations of state for CO2 mixtures in CCS was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-22. A potential bottle-neck for CCS is the transport of CO2 from power plants to the storage location, by pipeline. Key to safe and inexpensive transport is a detailed understanding of the physical properties of carbon dioxide. However, no gas separation process is 100% efficient, and the resulting carbon dioxide contains a number of different impurities. These impurities can greatly influence the physical properties of the fluid compared to pure CO2. They have important design, safety and cost implications for the compression and transport of carbon dioxide. This project aimed to develop new methods to produce custom models (equations of state) for impure CO2 behaviour for CCS.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project poster: UK Bio-CCS CAP, Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, UK Bio-CCS CAP, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-38.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project posters and presentations: Mixed matrix membranes preparation for post combustion carbon capture (Mar 2013 to Dec 2015)
Posters and presentations from the UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: Mixed matrix membranes for post combustion carbon capture (Mar 2013 to Dec 2015). Membrane processes are a promising alternative to the more classical post-combustion capture technologies due to the reduced maintenance of the process, the absence of dangerous solvents and their smaller footprint. This project aims at supporting the development of new mixed matrix membranes for post-combustion applications. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are composite materials formed by embedding inorganic fillers into a polymeric matrix in order to overcome the upper bound and combine the characteristics of the two solid phases: mechanical properties, economical processing capabilities and permeability of the polymer and selectivity of the filler. Despite several studies on the concept, the interactions between the two phases and their effect on the transport properties are not well understood. Yet, this fundamental knowledge is crucial in order to design the reliable materials needed for real-world-applications.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation and video: UK Bio-CSS CAP, SUPERGEN Bioenergy Hub Annual Assembly 2014, 5/11/2014, Birmingham
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, UK Bio-CCS CAP, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-38. Video available at https://vimeo.com/111747716.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: 3D Mapping of Large-Scale Subsurface Flow Pathways using Nanoseismic Monitoring, UKCCSRC Manchester Biannual, 13.04.2016
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project 3D Mapping of Large-Scale Subsurface Flow Pathways using Nanoseismic Monitoring was presented at the UKCCSRC Manchester Biannual Meeting, 13.04.2016. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-19.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: Bio-CAP-UK: Air/oxy biomass combustion with CO2 capture technology, UKCCSRC Manchester Biannual Meeting, 13.04.2016
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, UK Bio-CCS CAP, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-38.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: Determination of water Solubility in CO2 Mixtures, Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Determination of water Solubility in CO2 Mixtures, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-21.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: Experimental investigation and CFD modelling of oxy-coal combustion, Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Experimental investigation and CFD modelling of oxy-coal combustion, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-27.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: Fault seal controls on storage capacity, Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15
The data consists of a presentation presented at the UKCCSRC biannual meeting in Cranfield, April 20th 2015. The presentation describes an overview of work carried-out on behalf of the 'Fault seal controls on CO2 storage capacity in aquifers' project funded by the UKCCS Research Centre, grant number UKCCSRC-C1-14. Three main work strands are briefly described: 1) The Captain Sandstone aquifer is studied for the geomechanical integrity of faults, 2) Shallow gas accumulations in the Netherlands sector of the Southern North Sea provide an opportunity to study their coincidence with faulting while commonalities in the nature of the faults provide an indication of factors that might lead to fault leakage in CO2 storage sites. 3) The Fizzy gas field which is naturally rich in CO2 is studied for its fault seal potential as a natural analogue for fault-bounded storage sites.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: Flexible CCS Network Development, Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Flexible CCS Network Development, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-40.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: Flexible CCS Network Development, Workshop1, 30.04.14
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Flexible CCS Network Development, was presented at the Workshop1, 30.04.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-40.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: Flexible CCS Network Development, Workshop1ES, 30.04.14
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Flexible CCS Network Development, was presented at the Workshop1ES, 30.04.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-40.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: Chemical Looping for low-cost Oxygen Production, Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Chemical Looping for low-cost Oxygen Production, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-39.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation for PCC, Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation for PCC, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-36.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: Mixed Matrix Membranes for Post-Combustion Carbon Capture, UKCCSRC Edinburgh Biannual Meeting, 15.09.2016
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project Mixed Matrix Membranes for Post-Combustion Carbon Capture was presented at the UKCCSRC Edinburgh Biannual Meeting, 15.09.2016. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-36.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: Multi-Phase Flow Modelling for Hazardous Assessment, Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15
This presentation on the UKCCSRC (UK Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre) Call 1 project, Multi-Phase Flow Modelling for Hazardous Assessment, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-07.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: North Sea aquifer mapping, Cambridge Biannual, 02.04.14
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, North Sea aquifer mapping, was presented at the Cambridge Biannual, 02.04.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-30.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: North Sea aquifer mapping, Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, North Sea aquifer mapping, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-30.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: North Sea aquifer mapping, Cranfield BiannualIAP, 22.04.15
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, North Sea aquifer mapping, was presented at the Cranfield BiannualIAP, 22.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-30.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: Oxyfuel and EGR Processes in GT Combustion, Cardiff Biannual, 11.09.15
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Oxyfuel and EGR Processes in GT Combustion, was presented at the Cardiff Biannual, 11.09.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-26.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: Oxyfuel and EGR Processes in GT Combustion, Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Oxyfuel and EGR Processes in GT Combustion, was presented at the GasCCS, 25.06.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-26.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: Oxyfuel and EGR Processes in GT Combustion, GasCCS, 25.06.14
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Oxyfuel and EGR Processes in GT Combustion, was presented at the GasCCS, 25.06.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-26.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: Tractable Equation of State for CO2 Mixtures, Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, Tractable Equation of State for CO2 Mixtures, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-22.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: UK Bio-CCS CAP, Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, UK Bio-CCS CAP, was presented at the Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-38.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentation: UK Bio-CCS CAP, Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 1 project, UK Bio-CCS CAP, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 22.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-38.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project presentations: Mixed matrix membranes preparation for post combustion carbon capture (Jul 2015 to Jun 2016)
Posters and presentations from the UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: Mixed matrix membranes for post combustion carbon capture (Mar 2013 to Dec 2015). Membrane processes are a promising alternative to the more classical post-combustion capture technologies due to the reduced maintenance of the process, the absence of dangerous solvents and their smaller footprint. This project aims at supporting the development of new mixed matrix membranes for post-combustion applications. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are composite materials formed by embedding inorganic fillers into a polymeric matrix in order to overcome the upper bound and combine the characteristics of the two solid phases: mechanical properties, economical processing capabilities and permeability of the polymer and selectivity of the filler. Despite several studies on the concept, the interactions between the two phases and their effect on the transport properties are not well understood. Yet, this fundamental knowledge is crucial in order to design the reliable materials needed for real-world-applications.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project report: Chemical looping for low-cost oxygen and other applications. Part I (open access)
There were a number of aims of this project - to develop initial flowsheets and designs for CLC with oxygen uncoupling; to model and design reactors; and to produce and test a variety of novel materials for CLC with oxygen uncoupling. The project has succeeded in a number of aims; to develop and test materials (Cambridge), to conduct an initial test of CLC with oxygen uncoupling (the first at scale in the UK, conducted at Cranfield, and the major stated aim of the project - see Figure 2-13), and to model and develop a novel reactor for CLC with oxygen uncoupling (Imperial). Overall, these aspects exceeded the initial project brief. Initial time-dependent flowsheets were developed at Cambridge for CLC processes - unfortunately key staff loss led to a significant hiatus in the activity. Industrial reviewing was limited because of the challenges in developing the flowsheeting activity.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project report: Chemical looping for low cost oxygen production and other applications. Part II (restricted)
Imperial College has modelled and designed from first principles a counter-flow thermal oxygen reactor using CuO (MnO) based particles as an oxygen carrier, for replacing the burner in conventional coal fire power plant. The length of the reactor depends on the required falling distance for CuO particles to heat up and complete the decomposition. Initial calculations indicated that this was higher than hoped (500 mm). The design is being optimised. A prototype burner has been built and tested according to the design. After intense tests and some modifications on the prototype, we managed to show some encouraging results as a proof of concept. It is demonstrated that under the current design, there is strong evidence that the particles exhibited sufficiently fast kinetics to release the required oxygen to support complete combustion of propane fuel in an initially sub-stoichiometric flame. The results have led to the construction of a second version of the burner, with improved designed, and a more powerful surface mixed burner capable of much higher heat duty than the current one. The new version of the burner will be tested during the next few months. Part II of the report is restricted and not available for download.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project report: Technology review - Chemical tracers for CCS: An investigation of potential chemical tracer applications at QICS
This report has been superseded by the paper: Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-31. The NERC-funded QICS controlled CO2 release experiment (located offshore Oban, Scotland) mimics the formation of a new CO2 seep in the marine environment. At the site, CO2 is injected at an onshore well head, and a stainless steel pipe transports the CO2 under the seabed. Approximately 350 m offshore, the CO2 is released through a perforated screen into the 12 metres of overlying marine sediment, which is at approximately 10 metres water depth. During spring/summer 2012, 4.2 tonnes of CO2 was released at the QICS experimental site. A key element of risk assessment for the subsurface storage of CO2 is the monitoring of leaks from the subsurface in to the marine or terrestrial environments via sediments and soils. Chemical 'fingerprinting' of injected CO2 is widely considered a low cost, highly effective monitoring option, since effective application of tracers in CCS could provide information on (i) the movement, interaction and fate of injected CO2 in the subsurface and (ii) the detection (and quantification) of CO2 that has leaked from the storage complex to the surface. There is a need to develop geochemical techniques to differentiate between CO2 from natural processes, and the QICS site may provide excellent opportunity to trial geochemical tracers. This work aims to determine which chemical tracers are most suitable for CO2 tracing at the QICS facility and the research questions that tracer application can address. As such, this report includes: i. A review of current potential chemical tracers for CCS and their applications. ii. An analysis and comparison of costs, availability, environmental impact and detection limits for potential tracers. iii. An assessment of the above in the context of QICS (i.e: considering the CO2 will be released from the seabed (having passed from dense to gas phase), and having passed through water saturated sediment of the seabed, and into the water column. iv. An overview of the legal considerations for tracers in the UK. v. The injection method for tracers at the QICS site. vi. Required strategies for sampling the selected tracer. vii. Identify knowledge gaps in tracer studies which experiments at the QICS site could address.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project report: Technology review - laboratory experiments investigating the leakage of geologically stored CO2
This review details the laboratory experiments that have investigated leakage of geologically stored CO2 (as of June 2013). These experiments have covered a range of leakage factors. Knowledge of these factors can both compliment and help inform any future experiments at the QICS site. As such, the report details what experiments have been performed in the lab to date, how lab experiments can inform QICS and how QICS could inform laboratory experiments. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-31.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project report: Technology review - Marine geolocation technology
The NERC-funded QICS controlled CO2 release experiment (located offshore Oban, Scotland) mimics the formation of a new CO2 seep in the marine environment. At the site, CO2 is injected at an onshore well head, and a stainless steel pipe transports the CO2 under the seabed. Approximately 350 m offshore, the CO2 is released through a perforated screen into the 12 metres of overlying marine sediment, which is at approximately 10 metres water depth. During spring/summer 2012, 4.2 tonnes of CO2 was released at the QICS experimental site. CO2 bubbles emerged from the seafloor ~30m to the west of the site and individual plumes covered a total area of ~ 350m2. Bubble stream location was recording using audio (acoustic) and visual techniques (photography, video). Both techniques are useful for recording the general location of plumes. However their 2D nature made it hard to characterise individual plumes and their exact locations. The QICS1 experiment included 200 deployments/recoveries of instruments, collection of 1,300 samples, and installation of 1600 m of cable and placement of 24 cages of indicator species on the seabed. In order to aid planning and operation during potential further experiments at the site it would be beneficial to utilise a robust and accurate method of recording the locations of equipment, samples and CO2 bubble streams. In this review, the four main types of submarine geolocation technologies are detailed and compared, and best available models (as of June 2013) are detailed. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-31.

UKCCSRC Call 1 project reports: Developing CO2 networks: Information from the First Flexible CCS Network Development (FleCCSnet) project workshop
This data contains the output from the first Flexible CCS Network Development (FleCCSnet) workshop of stakeholders discussing the development of CO2 networks in the UK. The first was held on the 30 April 2014 at the University of Edinburgh, UK. The purpose of Workshop 1 was to identify and confirm the key questions to be considered in order to understand the most likely impacts of variability in the CO2 sources and variability in CO2 sinks on CO2 transport system design and operation. There were a total of 21 attendees including 7 representatives from PSE, Scottish Power, BP, SCCS, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Element Energy, and AMEC. The dataset consists of two reports. The first report, 'Developing CO2 networks: Key lessons learnt from the first Flexible CCS Network Development (FleCCSnet) project workshop', summarises the workshop findings, which have been used to create a series of scenarios that were investigated by transient simulation. The scenarios developed are described in the second report, 'Developing CO2 networks: Scenarios building on the first Flexible CCS Network Development (FleCCSnet) project workshop'.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: 3D mapping of large-scale subsurface flow pathways using nanoseismic monitoring
The project will three-dimensionally image hydraulically conductive features in the reservoir, caprock and overburden of an active CO2 injection site: the Aquistore site, Canada. Our research will provide important information on potential migration pathways within the storage complex to inform future monitoring strategies at the Aquistore site and at future storage sites. We will monitor micro-seismic events prior to, and during, CO2 injection using a three-component nanoseismic surface monitoring array which will complement data collected by the existing geophone network at the site. This analysis can be used to provide deep focussed monitoring information on permeability enhancement near the injection point. As injection continues it will also enable imaging of any flowing features within the caprock. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-19.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: BIO-CAP-UK - Air/Oxy Biomass Combustion with CO2 Capture Technology
To accelerate progress towards achieving operational excellence for flexible, efficient and environmentally sustainable Bio-CCS thermal power plants by developing and assessing fundamental knowledge, pilot plant tests and techno economic and life cycle studies. In terms of assessing CO2 capture, the UK CCS on-going research portfolio includes coal and gas-fired generation, whilst limited work is being conducted on the assessment of dedicated biomass to power with CCS, or indeed, of co-firing fossil fuel generation with higher rates of biomass with CCS. The project will also greatly expand the on-going research in SuperGen Bioenergy concerning supply chains of torrefied biomass and Bio-CCS. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-38.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: Determination of water solubility limits in CO2 mixtures to deliver water specification levels for CO2 transportation
This project will determine the dew point of water, or "water solubility", in impure CO2 mixtures (e.g. containing N2 and H2). At present, key data for defining water levels have not been determined. The data are important because liquid water is highly acidic in the presence of excess CO2; this acidity can be increased by trace amounts of SO2 and H2S and acidity will greatly accelerate corrosion. This research will provide the first accurate data for CO2 transportation systems, which can be used to develop accurate equations of state and define more robust pipeline specifications. These in turn can be applied to inform cost benefit analyses on the additional costs on the pipeline material and construction balanced against the cost of purification and the needs of safety. The research will provide critical physical property data to enable the safe and cost effective transportation of CO2. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-21.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: Experimental investigation and CFD modelling of oxy-coal combustion on PACT facility with real flue gas and vent gas recycling
The project will investigate the impacts of real flue gas and vent gas recycling on the combustion performance, emissions, ignition and flame stability of oxy-coal combustion by means of 250kW PACT facility testing and comprehensively validated CFD modelling, and to assess various flue gas recycling scenarios and the benefits of vent gas recycling by process simulation. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-27.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: Fault seal controls on storage capacity
Fault risk remains a key parameter in evaluating the potential for trapping CO2 in the subsurface, yet very little is known about the conditions under which CO2 and CO2/hydrocarbon mixtures are retained by faults. The project will investigate the roles and properties of faults in their capacity to retain CO2. Natural and engineered accumulations of hydrocarbon and CO2-hydrocarbon mixtures will be examined across a wide self-similar province (to minimize geological variability) to develop a knowledge base of fault flow properties. Fault geometries, orientations, seismic attributes, proven vertical trapping and lateral pressure retention values and column-heights will be documented. High-quality data-rich examples will be selected for analysis with established software tools to predict and calibrate CO2 column height and pressure retention. Differences between prediction and observation will be reconciled by checking site-specific geology and optimising the petrophysical property values assigned to the faults, reservoir, seals and fluids (within realistic ranges) to produce an understandable pragmatic and calibrated fit. The fault properties knowledge-base and the newly calibrated tools will be applied to selected key reservoirs from the ETI UK Storage Assessment Project (UKSAP). This will provide improved and evidence-based assessment of storage in regional UK North Sea aquifers such as the Bunter Sandstone, Forties, Tay and Captain. These are some of the largest and promising early developments for storage and are vital to reducing storage costs via multi-user storage. The Bunter Sandstone has 8Gt CO2 unrisked capacity - but only 1Gt may be considered viable because of fault risk. The Captain, Forties and Tay sandstones total 11.5Gt CO2 unrisked capacity, of which only 1Gt may be currently considered viable. The impact of the research will be to upgrade parts of the UKSAP assessment and to assist the development of the large capacity element in these formations that does have perceived fault risk. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-14.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: FleCCSnet - Flexible CCS Network Development
This project will produce and disseminate the first design and operating guidelines for the flexible operation of CCS pipeline networks. The research will explore how CCS pipeline networks can react effectively to short, medium and long term variations in the availability and flow of CO2 from capture plants, as well as responding to the constraints imposed on the system by the ability (or otherwise) of CO2 storage facilities to accept variable flow. The work will develop relevant scenarios for modelling the likely variability of CO2 flow in a CCS pipeline network, develop hydraulic models of CO2 behaviour, engage stakeholders in the process through practitioner workshops, and deliver guidelines to the industry and other interested stakeholders. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-40.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: GlaciStore - CO2 storage in Palaeogene and Neogene hydrogeological systems of the North Sea
We aim to de-risk the development of the major potential CO2 storage reservoirs in the UK sector of the Northern and Central North Sea by developing our understanding of the geometry and properties of the overburden above the potential reservoirs (including their seals), and by developing an understanding of the likely hydraulic connectivity in the reservoirs, surrounding strata and overburden and hence the likely flow paths for CO2 and formation brine within and between them. These reservoirs are some of the most widespread and internally hydraulically well-connected reservoirs on the UK Continental Shelf and appear to have excellent potential for high injectivity, large capacity without excessive pressure rise and, in some cases, good containment. Consequently, they promise to be of great significance if CCS becomes a major greenhouse gas mitigation technology in the UK. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-30.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: Chemical looping for low-cost oxygen production and other applications
While chemical looping (combustion, CLC) is a promising technology for carbon capture, however many questions still remain as to its applicability at an industrial scale. In Chemical looping combustion a metal oxide is shuttled back and forth between a fuel and air reactor, picking up oxygen in the air reactor and transferring it to the fuel reactor. The fuel is never mixed with the nitrogen from the air, so a stream of CO2 and H2O is produced directly from the fuel reactor; this potentially makes the integrated power production and CO2 capture system highly efficient. Most CLC and CLOU schemes envisage using fluidised beds in which the solid fuel is intimately mixed with the oxygen carrier, or mixing of the solid fuel particles. This project aims to push forward chemical looping within the UK and integrates both experimental work and theoretical analysis to result in the first large-scale demonstration of CLC within the UK. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-39.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: Microseismic and structural geological data collected at Aquistore (Canada)
This data set includes microseismic and structural geological data collected at Aquistore (Canada). They cover a period from 26th April - 21st June 2015, during which CO2 was being injected in the Aquistore injection well at 3.5 km depth. The data were collected in the framework of a research project funded by UKCCSRC (EPSRC) and based at Aquistore in order to identify whether any microseismic events, that could be related to the CO2 injection, took place during this period and use of these events to image potential flowpathways at depth. The data were collected at a sampling rate of 1000Hz using a short-period microseismic array with a 25m aperture, consisting of one three-component and three one-component sensors (Lennartz, MKIII and MKII lite). The array was placed at 50cm depth, approximately 150m away from the injection well. Acquisition was continuous during the above period. The microseismic data are available in PASCAL or ASCII format. Full details on equipment used in data collection and data formats are available in the README file. Due to commercial constraints this dataset is currently under embargo until the end of 2017. Due to the large size of the dataset additional information and access requirements can be requested via the contact email supplied.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: Mixed matrix membranes preparation for post-combustion capture
Membrane processes are a promising alternative to the more classical post-combustion capture technologies due to the reduced maintenance of the process, the absence of dangerous solvents and their smaller footprint. This project aims at supporting the development of new mixed matrix membranes for post-combustion applications. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are composite materials formed by embedding inorganic fillers into a polymeric matrix in order to overcome the upper bound and combine the characteristics of the two solid phases: mechanical properties, economical processing capabilities and permeability of the polymer and selectivity of the filler. Despite several studies on the concept, the interactions between the two phases and their effect on the transport properties are not well understood. Yet, this fundamental knowledge is crucial in order to design the reliable materials needed for real-world-applications. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-36.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: Multiphase flow modelling for risk assessment of dense phase CO2 pipelines containing impurities
This project will develop and experimentally validate a heterogeneous flow model for predicting the transient depressurisation and outflow following the puncture of dense phase CO2 pipelines containing typical impurities. Such data is expected to serve as the source term for the quantitative consequence failure assessment of CO2 pipelines including near field and far field dispersion, fracture propagation and blowdown. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-07. UKCCSRC - UK Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: Oxyfuel and exhaust gas recirculation processes in gas turbine combustion for improved carbon capture performance
Conventional power generation in the UK faces a significant challenge in the face of decarbonising and maintaining a reliable, secure and cost effective electricity supply. The requirement for fossil-fuel based systems to integrate smoothly with CCS technologies has led to the realistic consideration of oxyfuel based generating plant for CCGT-CCS processes. For CCS to become more technically and economically feasible, it has been suggested that the CO2 scrubbing component of the CCS process will work more effectively if the CO2 concentrations in the exhaust gas were higher. Hence, enhancement of oxygen in the combustion process and the enhancement of CO2 concentration in the plant exhaust via Exhaust Gas Recycling (EGR) can dramatically increase the net efficiency of CO2 scrubbers. Whilst oxyfuel and EGR are known to be potentially very promising technologies for integration with CCGT-CCS processes, there exists a significant lack of fundamental data on the design and reliable operation of industrial burner systems with this technology. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-26.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: QICS2 Scoping Project - Exploring the viability and scientific opportunities of a follow-on marine impact project
A key element of risk assessment for the geological storage of CO2 offshore is the monitoring of transport of leaks from the subsurface via shallow sediments in the marine environment, including its effect on the ecosystem. In 2012, the NERC-funded QICS project constructed the first marine in situ controlled sub-seabed release facility for CO2 in the world in Ardmucknish Bay, Oban when 4.2 tonnes of CO2 was injected. There is significant international interest in this unique facility and the project provides an opportunity for the UK to consolidate its leadership in environmental monitoring and impact studies for CCS. This scoping project will explore the viability and potential scientific goals for a follow on project, with the capability of delivering useful knowledge at the start of the UK CCS commercialisation program. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-31.

UKCCSRC Call 1 Project: Tractable equations of state for CO2 mixtures in CCS: algorithms for automated generation and optimisation, tailored to end-users
This project will tackle one of the key technical challenges facing the development of commercially viable CO2 transport networks: modelling the phase behaviour of impure carbon dioxide, under the conditions typically found in carbon capture from power stations, and in high-pressure (liquid phase) and low-pressure (gas phase) pipelines. Models for phase behaviour are known as equations of state (EoS). EoS vary in their mathematical form, accuracy, region of validity and computational complexity. Because different applications have different requirements, there is no single EoS that is ideal for all applications. This project will use cutting-edge computer algorithms to automatically reparameterise EoS for CCS modelling. This flexible technique will allow a user to specify their requirements and re-derive model parameters matched to their needs. Our algorithms will directly produce functional forms for EoS from experimental data, thus fully automating the derivation of EoS. This will enable users to rapidly produce bespoke EoS that are tailored to their particular application, and will enable these models to continually evolve as new measurements become available, ensuring that experimental advances are rapidly converted into improved CCS modelling and, ultimately, better performance and efficiency of real CCS processes. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C1-22.

UKCCSRC Call 1,2 paper: Understanding the solubility of water in carbon capture and storage mixtures: An FTIR spectroscopic study of H2O+CO2+N2 ternary mixtures
The solubility of water (H2O) in carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) mixtures (xN2 = 0.050 and 0.100, mole fraction) has been investigated at 25 and 40 degrees C in the pressure range between 8 and 18 MPa. The motivation for this work is to aid the understanding of water solubility in complex CO2-based mixtures, which is required for the safety of anthropogenic CO2 transport via pipeline for carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. The measurements have been performed using an FTIR spectroscopic approach and demonstrate that this method is a suitable technique to determine the concentration of water in both pure CO2 and CO2 + N2 mixtures. The presence of N2 lowers the mole concentration of water in CO2 by up to 42% for a given pressure in the studied conditions and this represents important data for the development of pipelines for CCS. This work also provides preliminary indications that the key parameters for the solubility of H2O in such CO2 + N2 mixtures are the temperature and the overall density of the fluid mixture and not solely the given pressure of the CCS mixture. This could have implications for understanding the parameters required to be monitored during the safer transportation of CO2 mixtures in CCS pipelines. The paper is available at DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.02.002. UKCCSRC Grants UKCCSRC-C1-21 and UKCCSRC-C2-185.

UKCCSRC Call 1/2 paper: Understanding the solubility of water in carbon capture and storage mixtures: An FTIR spectroscopic study of H2O+CO2+N2 ternary mixtures
The solubility of water (H2O) in carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) mixtures (xN2 = 0.050 and 0.100, mole fraction) has been investigated at 25 and 40 °C in the pressure range between 8 and 18 MPa. The motivation for this work is to aid the understanding of water solubility in complex CO2-based mixtures, which is required for the safety of anthropogenic CO2 transport via pipeline for carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. The measurements have been performed using an FTIR spectroscopic approach and demonstrate that this method is a suitable technique to determine the concentration of water in both pure CO2 and CO2 + N2 mixtures. The presence of N2 lowers the mole concentration of water in CO2 by up to 42% for a given pressure in the studied conditions and this represents important data for the development of pipelines for CCS. This work also provides preliminary indications that the key parameters for the solubility of H2O in such CO2 + N2 mixtures are the temperature and the overall density of the fluid mixture and not solely the given pressure of the CCS mixture. This could have implications for understanding the parameters required to be monitored during the safer transportation of CO2 mixtures in CCS pipelines. The paper is available at DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.02.002. UKCCSRC Grants UKCCSRC-C1-21 and UKCCSRC-C2-185.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project blog: Quantifying Residual and Dissolution Trapping in the CO2CRC Otway Injection Site, Update, 20.01.15
This is a blog (Update, 20.01.15) on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Quantifying Residual and Dissolution Trapping in the CO2CRC Otway Injection Site. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-204.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project C2-181 - Data associated with "Chemical equilibrium analysis of hydrogen production from shale gas using sorption enhanced chemical looping steam reforming" in Fuel Processing Technology
Dupont, Valerie (2017) Data associated with "Chemical equilibrium analysis of hydrogen production from shale gas using sorption enhanced chemical looping steam reforming" in Fuel Processing Technology. University of Leeds. Data file containing datasets used to generate the figures and tables in the paper. [Dataset] https://doi.org/10.5518/149. [Publication] http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.01.026

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project C2-181. Data for "Kinetics study and modelling of steam methane reforming process over a NiO/Al2O3 catalyst in an adiabatic packed bed reactor" in International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.
Dupont, Valerie (2016) Data for "Kinetics study and modelling of steam methane reforming process over a NiO/Al2O3 catalyst in an adiabatic packed bed reactor" in International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. University of Leeds. Data file containing datasets used to generate the figures and tables in the paper. [Dataset] https://doi.org/10.5518/126. [Publication] http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.11.093

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project C2-183 data: The development and demonstration of best-practice guidelines for the start-up injection of CO2 into highly-depleted gas fields: Final report plots and data
The dataset contains 15 plots and data for time-dependent pressures and temperatures at various locations along a 2582-m-long well and at various simulation times. The realistic scenarios taken into considerations are applied to the Goldeneye depleted reservoir in the North Sea. Pure CO2 is injected into the well and then discharged in the Goldeneye reservoir. Six different scenarios are considered: three different injection durations (linear ramp-up of the inlet mass flow rate from 0 to 33.5 kg/s over 5 minutes, 30 minutes, and 2 hours) and two different upstream temperatures (278.15 K and 283.15 K). Data is currently restricted until publication.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project C2-204 data: Using oxygen isotopes to quantitatively assess residual CO2 saturation during the CO2CRC Otway Stage 2B Extension residual saturation test data set
This is the dataset to accompany the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control manuscript entitled: Using oxygen isotopes to quantitatively assess residual CO2 saturation during the CO2CRC Otway Stage 2B Extension residual saturation test by Serno et al., published in 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.06.019. The data was collected at the CO2CRC Otway test site in December 2014, processed in Edinburgh and is now presented as an excel file.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project C2-214 - Sulzer Chemtech dynamic test campaign data, Jan 2015
This dataset relates to the scientific journal article "A pilot-scale study of dynamic response scenarios for the flexible operation of post-combustion CO2 capture" (Tait et al. 2016), a study which was funded as part of the call 2 project "Towards more flexible generation with CCS". Pilot plant data from five dynamic scenarios for post-combustion capture on a state-of the-art NGCC plant (circa 2015) are included. The output from a novel solvent sensor, which can provide continuous online measurement of solvent CO2 loading is also included for several scenarios. The article can be found at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.12.009. More information on the project is available at

UKCCSRC Call 2 project data: Gas-liquid two-phase CO2 flow data from a vertical Coriolis meter and a DP transmitter
The data is collected in North China Electric Power University (NCEPU) on a 1-inch bore, gas-liquid two-phase, high pressure (up to 72bar), ambient temperature CO2 flow test rig from 19th May to 3rd June 2016. Single phase gas and liquid information are provided by Coriolis meter and mixed together. Then a vertical Coriolis meter is used to measure the two-phase mixture together with a DP transmitter measuring differential pressure across the vertical Coriolis meter under test. UKCCSRC Call 2 project: CO2 Flow Metering through Multi-Modal Sensing and Statistical Data Fusion. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-218. Published papers: 1) Mass flow measurement of two-phase carbon dioxide using Coriolis flowmeters ( https://doi.org/10.1109/I2MTC.2017.7969891). 2) Mass flow measurement of gas-liquid two-phase CO2 in CCS transportation pipelines using Coriolis flowmeters ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.11.021).

UKCCSRC Call 2 project data: Performance of Flow Meters with Dense Phase CO2 and CCS Recovery Streams
Fiscal metering could face several challenges during CO2 transport by pipelines due to the unusual physical properties of CO2 and CO2 mixtures. Coriolis flowmeters are an options to measure CO2 accurately in transport pipelines. However, the presence of impurities can affect the performance of the flowmeter. Therefore, the performance of a Coriolis flowmeter was evaluated using CO2 fluid with impurities in a mass flow-rig designed based on the gravimetric calibration in start / stop operations. In each test, the mass recorded by the Coriolis flowmeter was compared to the mass collected in the receiving facilities and measured using high accurate balance in order to obtain the relative deviation of the test. During the tests, in addition to the mass and volume flow rate, the operational pressure and temperature as well as velocity and density were recorded. The series of tests were conducted using different fluids, including: pure N2 (validation tests), pure CO2 (reference tests), pre-combustion mixture, post-combustion mixture, Oxyfuel-I mixture and Oxyfuel-II mixture. The recorded data as well as recorded and measured masses are available in the provided excel files for each investigated fluid. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-201

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project Final Report: Novel Reductive Rejuvenation approaches for degraded amine solvents from PCC in power plants
Final Report for UKCCSRC Call 2 Project C2-189. Novel Reductive Rejuvenation approaches for degraded amine solvents from PCC in power plants.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project final report: UK demonstration of Enhanced Calcium looping, and first Global Demonstration of Advanced Doping Techniques
Final report for UKCCSRC Call 2 project, UK demonstration of Enhanced Calcium looping, and first Global Demonstration of Advanced Doping Techniques. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-209.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project paper: A synthetic-dynamic method for water solubility measurements in high pressure CO2 using ATR–FTIR spectroscopy
A new synthetic method for studying phase behaviour is described using Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) spectroscopy. The method has been developed to provide relevant information on the solubility of water in CO2. The dew point of water has been determined at three different pressures, viz. (4.05, 5.05 and 6.03) MPa with mole fractions of water between 0.01 and 0.04. The data obtained fill the gap in the literature in these regions of pressures and temperatures and could be of high importance in the context of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology. Indeed, the presence of water in the captured CO2 could damage the pipeline used for CO2 transport. Hence, it is very important to have a fully understanding of the behaviour of the (CO2 + H2O) mixtures in wide range of temperature relevant for CCS. The paper is available at DOI: 10.1016/j.jct.2015.09.024. UKCCSRC Grant UKCCSRC-C2-185.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Advanced Sorbents for CCS via Controlled Sintering, Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Advanced Sorbents for CCS via Controlled Sintering, was presented at the Cardiff Biannual_10.09.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-206.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Advanced Sorbents for CCS via Controlled Sintering, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Advanced Sorbents for CCS via Controlled Sintering was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-206. Calcium looping shows significant promise for CO2 capture. The process can lead to an energy penalty as low as 6 - 8 % including the compression of the lean CO2 stream, compared to 9.5 - 12.5 % for amine-based post-combustion capture. To implement this technology on an industrial scale, a large quantity of CaO-based sorbent will be required, therefore the sorbent must be capable of being regenerated and reused.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: CO2 Flow Metering through Multi-Modal Sensing and Statistical Data Fusion, Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, CO2 Flow Metering through Multi-Modal Sensing and Statistical Data Fusion, was presented at the Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-218.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: CO2 Flow Metering through Multi-Modal Sensing and Statistical Data Fusion, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project CO2 Flow Metering through Multi-Modal Sensing and Statistical Data Fusion was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-218. Measurement and monitoring of CO2 flows across the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) chain are essential to ensure accurate accounting of captured CO2 and help prevent leaking during transportation to storage sites. The significant changes in physical properties of CO2 depending on its state (gas, liquid, two-phase or supercritical) mean that CO2 flows in CCS pipelines are complex by their nature. Meanwhile, impurities in a CO2 pipeline also make the flow more likely in the form of two-phase mixture. Despite difficulties due to the changes in CO2 properties, there has been very little research into metering issues of CO2 flows. The aim of this project is to develop a cutting-edge technology for CO2 flows metering in CCS pipelines. The objectives are as follows: • To establish a mass reference platform for CO2 flowmeter calibration; • To develop a prototype multi-modal sensing system and data fusion algorithms for mass flow metering of CO2; • To evaluate the performance of the multi-modal sensing system under single-phase and two-phase CO2 flow conditions.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: CO2 Flow Metering through Multi-Modal Sensing and Statistical Data Fusion, UKCCSRC Manchester Biannual Meeting, 13.04.2016
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project CO2 Flow Metering through Multi-Modal Sensing and Statistical Data Fusion was presented at the UKCCSRC Manchester Biannual Meeting, 13.04.2016. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-218.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Development of Infiltration Models for the Ingress of CO2 into Buildings, UKCCSRC Manchester Biannual Meeting, 13.04.2016
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Shelter and Escape in the Event of a Release of CO2 from CCS Infrastructure (S-CAPE) was presented at the UKCCSRC Manchester Biannual Meeting, 13.04.2016. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-179.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Dynamic and flexible operation of post-combustion capture: A pilot-scale test campaign with online solvent monitoring, UKCCSRC Manchester Biannual Meeting, 13.04.2016
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Towards more flexible power generation with CCS was presented at the UKCCSRC Manchester Biannual Meeting, 13.04.2016. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-214.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Flexible CCS operations combined with online solvent monitoring: A pilot-scale study, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Flexible CCS operations combined with online solvent monitoring: A pilot-scale study was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-214. This project focuses on enhancing the flexibility of amine based post-combustion capture systems 1. To evaluate the flexible operation capabilities of current post-combustion CCS plant designs via dynamic scenario testing at pilot scale. 2. To identify hardware bottlenecks to dynamic operation and suggest improvements. 3. To develop new instrumentation, operating strategies and control systems which will enhance operational flexibility. 4. To obtain real plant data to complement dynamic modelling efforts.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Investigating radiative heat flux in small and large scale oxy-coal furnaces for CFD model development, Cardiff Biannual 10.09.14
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Investigating the radiative heat flux in small and large scale oxy-coal furnaces for CFD model development and system scale up, was presented at the Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-193.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Investigating radiative heat flux in small and large scale oxy-coal furnaces for CFD model development, Cranfield Biannual 21.04.15
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Investigating the radiative heat flux in small and large scale oxy-coal furnaces for CFD model development and system scale up, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-193.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Investigating the radiative heat flux in small & large scale oxy-coal furnaces for CFD model development, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Investigating the radiative heat flux in small and large scale oxy-coal furnaces for CFD model development and system scale up was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-193. Oxy-fuel (coal or biomass) combustion significantly changes the heat transfer properties of power plant furnaces. Thus future power plants using oxy-fuel technology will rely greatly on computational modelling. This project aims to collect combustion and heat transfer data from both small and large scale furnaces and to validate the computational model in order to make it ready for future technology scale up. Specific objectives are: • Take measurements at the 250 kW oxy-coal furnace at PACT national facilities in Sheffield, including combustion and heat transfer data. • Take measurements at a 35 MW oxy-coal furnace in China. • Validate CFD models developed and investigate the combustion and heat transfer properties in both large and small furnaces.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Measurement of water solubility limits of CO2 mixtures to underpin safe pipeline transportation of CO2, Cardiff Biannual 10.09.14
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Measurement of water solubility limits of CO2 mixtures to underpin the safe pipeline transportation of CO2, was presented at the Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-185.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Measurement of water solubility limits of CO2 mixtures to underpin safe pipeline transportation of CO2, Cranfield Biannual 21.04.15
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Measurement of water solubility limits of CO2 mixtures to underpin the safe pipeline transportation of CO2, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-185.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Measurement of Water Solubility Limits of CO2 Mixtures to Underpin the Safe Pipeline Transportation of CO2, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Measurement of Water Solubility Limits of CO2 Mixtures to Underpin the Safe Pipeline Transportation of CO2 was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-185. Monitoring the composition of mixtures which are of relevance to Carbon Capture and Storage pipelines is of high importance for the safe transportation of CO2 during the CCS process. Captured CO2 will contain varying amounts of impurities such as N2, H2, O2 and H2O. These are components which greatly affect the phase behaviour of the captured CO2. Being able to quantifiably monitor the composition and components of CCS-relevant mixtures is key for (i) safety; (ii) determining standard operating conditions. This project, incorporating several novel techniques, have been used to measure: • The phase behaviour and thermodynamic properties of CO2 containing varying amounts of impurities in order to improve or validate existing models of CCS relevant gas mixtures. • The solubility of water in impure CO2 CCS mixtures.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Multiscale Characterisation of CO2 Storage in the United Kingdom, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Multiscale Characterisation of CO2 Storage in the United Kingdom was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-197. We combine pore scale digital rock physics, reservoir condition special core analysis, and reservoir simulation to evaluate the performance of CO2 storage for the major target storage regions of the UK. Key objectives: • Develop a dataset of relative permeability and residual trapping for major storage targets in the UK (Fig. 1), obtained experimentally at reservoir conditions • Identify the contribution of pore scale rock morphology to multiphase flow dynamics and dissolution trapping • Use the data in reservoir simulations to update dynamic capacity estimation for UK reservoirs

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Multiscale characterization of CO2 storage in the United Kingdom, Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Multiscale characterization of CO2 storage in the United Kingdom, was presented at the Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-197.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Multiscale characterization of CO2 storage in the United Kingdom, Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Multiscale characterization of CO2 storage in the United Kingdom, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-197.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Novel Materials and Reforming Process Route for the Production of Ready-Separated CO2/N2/H2, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Novel Materials and Reforming Process Route for the Production of Ready-Separated CO2/N2/H2 from Natural Gas Feedstocks was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-181. Large reserves of shale gas and unconventional gases worldwide will ensure that hydrogen remains produced mainly via the catalytic steam reforming process (C-SR) for the next few decades. In conventional C-SR, the most energy intensive step is the production of syngas (CO+H2) in the primary reformer which relies on fired heaters in large scale furnaces. SR plants need to be enormous in order to be economical due to syngas production stage and H2 purification steps.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Novel Materials and Reforming Processing Route for the Production of Ready-Separated CO2/N2/H2, Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Novel Materials and Reforming Processing Route for the Production of Ready-Separated CO2/N2/H2 from Natural Gas Feedstocks, was presented at the Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-181.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Novel reductive rejuvenation approaches for degraded amine solutions from PCC in power plants, Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Novel reductive rejuvenation approaches for degraded amine solutions from PCC in power plants, was presented at the Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-189.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Novel reductive rejuvenation approaches for degraded amine solutions from PCC in power plants, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Novel reductive rejuvenation approaches for degraded amine solutions from PCC in power plants was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-189. Aqueous amine scrubbing is currently considered to be the best available technology of carbon capture for both pulverised fuel and natural gas power plants. A major problem is the thermo-oxidative degradation of chemical amine solvents used, leading to a range of operational problems and the generation of large quantities of hazardous aqueous waste. However, no existing technologies are able to effectively deal with these problems particularly the handling of the toxic waste solvent streams. The conversion of the degraded amines back to usable solvents or saleable products has been regarded as a novel effective way for cost reduction.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Performance of Flow Meters with Dense Phase CO2 and CCS Recovery Streams, Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Performance of Flow Meters with Dense Phase CO2 and CCS Recovery Streams, was presented at the Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-201.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Performance of Flow Meters with Dense Phase CO2 and CCS Recovery Streams, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Performance of Flow Meters with Dense Phase CO2 and CCS Recovery Streams was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-201. Captured carbon dioxide (CO2) from CCS operations needs to be transported to the storage location. Metering of the flow could be challenging due to the presence of impurities as well as unusual physical properties of the CO2 with impurities. The metering accuracy must be within the range of ±1.5% by mass according to the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) regulations. However, no investigations have been performed to evaluate the performance of flowmeters with pressurized CO2 at operational CCS conditions. The goal of project is to investigate the performance of Coriolis mass flowmeter with high CO2 content mixtures. Specific objectives of the project include: • To study the effect of impurities on the accuracy of the Coriolis flow meter. • To investigate the performance of Coriolis flow meter at conditions likely to happen in the CCS operations. • Evaluation of costs for the deployment of Coriolis flow meter in CCS operations.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Process-Performance Indexed Design of Ionic Liquids for Carbon Capture, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Process-Performance Indexed Design of Ionic Liquids for Carbon Capture was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-199. The elevated cost of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is currently hindering its implementation at large scale. We aim to design a 'perfect' solvent for the capture of carbon dioxide (CO2). The design of the solvent is based on process performance indexes.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Process-performance indexed design of task-specific ionic liquids for post-combustion CO2 capture, Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Process-performance indexed design of task-specific ionic liquids for post-combustion CO2 capture, was presented at the Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-199.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Process-performance indexed design of task-specific ionic liquids for post-combustion CO2 capture, Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Process-performance indexed design of task-specific ionic liquids for post-combustion CO2 capture, was presented at the Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-199.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Quantifying Residual and Dissolution Trapping in the CO2CRC Otway Injection Site, Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Quantifying Residual and Dissolution Trapping in the CO2CRC Otway Injection Site, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-204.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Quantifying Residual and Dissolution Trapping in the CO2CRC Otway Injection Site, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Quantifying Residual and Dissolution Trapping in the CO2CRC Otway Injection Site was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-204. For a wide adoption of the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology, it is essential to provide a commercial operator with a reassurance of the predictability of their proposed site for CO2 storage through geochemical monitoring techniques. This is particular important for assessing residual and solubility trapping, which are more secure than structural trapping of free-phase CO2. It is difficult to quantify how much CO2 is stored by residual and solubility trapping across an entire storage site. Hence, there is a need to develop a test which can be performed at a single injection well during assessment of a potential site for CO2 injection. CO2CRC, one of the world-leading CCS research organisations, conducted the Otway Stage 2B Extension residual saturation test in December 2014 to determine residual trapping at their Otway test site in Victoria, Australia, using a single-well field setting. In direct collaboration with CO2CRC and other global research institutions (CSIRO Energy, University of Melbourne, Simon Fraser University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), we use water and gas geochemistry to establish the fate of CO2 injected into the Paaratte Formation at the Otway test site. More specifically, we study the application of oxygen isotopes and noble gases to reconstruct levels of residual trapping of CO2.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: S-CAPE - Shelter and Escape in the Event of a Release of CO2 from CCS Infrastructure, Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Shelter and Escape in the Event of a Release of CO2 from CCS Infrastructure (S-CAPE), was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-179.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Shelter and Escape in the Event of a Release of CO2 from CCS Infrastructure (S-CAPE), CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Shelter and Escape in the Event of a Release of CO2 from CCS Infrastructure (S-CAPE) was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-179. Pipelines are acknowledged as one of the most efficient and cost-effective methods for transporting large volumes of various fluids over long distances and therefore the majority of proposed schemes for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) involve high pressure pipelines transporting CO2. In order to manage the risk in the event of the failure of a carbon dioxide (CO2) pipeline, it is a core requirement that a separation distance between pipelines and habitable dwellings is defined to ensure a consistent level of risk. The aim of this project is to develop validated and computationally efficient shelter and escape models describing the consequences to the surrounding population of a CO2 release from CCS transportation infrastructure. The models will allow pipeline operators, regulators and standard setters to make informed and appropriate decisions regarding pipeline safety and emergency response. This poster presents some preliminary findings from the S-Cape project and: • Describes the development of analytical and Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) models to calculate the change in internal CO2 concentration within a building engulfed by a dispersing cloud of CO2. • Investigates the sensitivity of the CO2 concentration within a building to wind speed and the temperature of the CO2 in the pipeline. • Demonstrates how CFD models can be used to verify results obtained using computationally efficient analytical models.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: The Development and Demonstration of Best Practice Guidelines for Safe Start-up Injection of CO2, Cranfield Biannual 21.04.15
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, The Development and Demonstration of Best Practice Guidelines for the Safe Start-up Injection of CO2 into Depleted Gas Fields, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-183.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: The Development and Demonstration of Best Practice Guidelines for the Safe Start-up Injection of CO2, Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, The Development and Demonstration of Best Practice Guidelines for the Safe Start-up Injection of CO2 into Depleted Gas Fields, was presented at the Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-183.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: The Development and Demonstration of Best Practice Guidelines for the Safe Start-up Injection of CO2, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project The Development and Demonstration of Best Practice Guidelines for the Safe Start-up Injection of CO2 into Depleted Gas Fields was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-183. Highly-depleted gas fields represent prime potential targets for large-scale storage of captured CO2 emitted from industrial sources and fossil-fuel power plants. Given the potentially low reservoir pressures as well as the unique thermodynamic properties of CO2, especially in the presence of the various stream impurities, the injection process presents significant safety and operational challenges. In particular, the start-up injection leads to the following risks: • blockage due to hydrate and ice formation following the contact of the cold CO2 with the interstitial water around the wellbore; • thermal stress shocking of the wellbore casing steel, leading to its fracture and ultimately escape of CO2; • over-pressurisation accompanied by CO2 backflow into the injection system due to the violent evaporation of the superheated liquid CO2 upon entry into the wellbore.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: Towards more flexible power generation with CCS, Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, Towards more flexible power generation with CCS, was presented at the Cranfield Biannual, 21.04.15. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-214.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: UK demo of Enhanced Calcium looping, and first Global Demonstration of Advanced Doping Techniques, Cardiff Biannual 10.09.14
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project, UK demonstration of Enhanced Calcium looping, and first Global Demonstration of Advanced Doping Techniques, was presented at the Cardiff Biannual, 10.09.14. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-209.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project poster: UK Demonstration of Enhanced Calcium Looping & first Global Demonstration of Advanced Doping Techniques, CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16
This poster on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project UK Demonstration of Enhanced Calcium Looping and first Global Demonstration of Advanced Doping Techniques was presented at the CSLF Call project poster reception, London, 27.06.16. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-209. Calcium (carbonate) looping is a promising carbon capture technology, which has been successfully demonstrated using a slip stream from the exhaust of a large-scale power plant. CO2 is captured as CaCO3, and is then calcined to release a pure stream of CO2 suitable for storage. The main advantage of this cycle is that the exothermic CO2 capture stage takes place around 650°C and the heat released in the carbonation process can be used in a standard steam cycle. The aims of this project are: • To demonstrate the viability of enhanced calcium looping technologies for CCS using a pelletized spent lime stream. • To demonstrate the viability of calcium looping for the removal of CO2 from industrial gases (steel and iron industry and cement industry). • To explore the use of enhanced Ca looping using HBr as doping agent.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project presentation Novel reductive rejuvenation approaches for degraded amine solutions from PCC in power plants Manchester Biannual 13.04.2016
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Novel reductive rejuvenation approaches for degraded amine solutions from PCC in power plants was presented at the UKCCSRC Manchester Biannual Meeting, 13.04.2016. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-189.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project presentation: Advanced Sorbents for CCS via Controlled Sintering, UKCCSRC Manchester Biannual Meeting, 13.04.2016
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Advanced Sorbents for CCS via Controlled Sintering was presented at the UKCCSRC Manchester Biannual Meeting, 13.04.2016. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-206.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project presentation: CO2 Flow Metering through Multi-Modal Sensing and Statistical Data Fusion, UKCCSRC Edinburgh Biannual Meeting, 15.09.2016
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project CO2 Flow Metering through Multi-Modal Sensing and Statistical Data Fusion, was presented at the UKCCSRC Edinburgh Biannual Meeting, 15.09.2016. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-218.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project presentation: Performance of Flow Meters with Dense Phase CO2 and CCS Recovery Streams, UKCCSRC Edinburgh Biannual Meeting, 15.09.2016
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Performance of Flow Meters with Dense Phase CO2 and CCS Recovery Streams was presented at the UKCCSRC Edinburgh Biannual Meeting, 15.09.2016. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-201.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project presentation: Quantifying Residual and Dissolution Trapping in the CO2CRC Otway Injection Site, UKCCSRC Edinburgh Biannual Meeting, 15.09.2016
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project Quantifying Residual and Dissolution Trapping in the CO2CRC Otway Injection Site was presented at the UKCCSRC Edinburgh Biannual Meeting, 15.09.2016. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-204.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project presentation: The development and demonstration of best practice guidelines for the start-up injection of CO2 into highly-depleted gas fields, UKCCSRC Edinburgh Biannual Meeting, 15.09.2016
This presentation on the UKCCSRC Call 2 project The development and demonstration of best practice guidelines for the start-up injection of CO2 into highly-depleted gas fields was presented at the UKCCSRC Edinburgh Biannual Meeting, 15.09.2016. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-183.

UKCCSRC Call 2 project report: Advanced Sorbent via Controlled Sintering of Natural Ca-sorbent for Carbon Capture
In this study, two strategies, thermal pretreatment and chemical doping, were investigated as a method of improving the residual carrying capacity of Longcliffe and Havelock limestone for calcium looping systems. Four parameters were varied during thermal pretreatment: temperature (900-1100 degrees C), time (3-12 hr), gas composition (0-100 % CO2 balanced in N2) and particle size (90-355 micrometre). After pre-calcination, the sorbents were subjected to 20 carbonation-calcination cycles performed in a thermographic analyser (TGA) to monitor any signs of sorbent improvement. The degradation of sorbent activity was modelled using the decay equation suggested by Grasa and Abanades (2006). Both Longcliffe and Havelock samples showed self-reactivation when pretreated under CO2, however this did not result in a greater carrying capacity after 20 carbonation/calcination cycles compared to the untreated limestone. For chemical doping, Longcliffe doped using 0.167 mol % HBr via quantitative wet impregnation method resulted in an increase in residual carrying capacity of 27.4 % after thermal pre-treatment under CO2 when compared to the untreated but doped limestone, assuming self-reactivation continued as modelled. When Longcliffe was doped and then pretreated under pure N2, the limestone showed self-reactivation, which was not seen in the undoped sorbent when also pretreated under N2. Thus, the success of pretreatment may be dependent on the chemical composition of the limestone. Finally, BET surface area and BJH pore volume analysis was used to understand the changes in the sorbents' morphologies. The closure of the mesopores (dpore<150 nm) after the pretreatment was correlated to the self-reactivation in the subsequent cycles.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project: Advanced Sorbents for CCS via Controlled Sintering
The project is mainly experimental in nature. Sieved samples of a variety of UK, Canadian and Spanish limestones will be pre-calcined and sintered at elevated temperatures to differing extents under various steam atmospheres, potentially with the addition of salts. The relativities of the produced materials will be tested, initially in a thermogravimetric analyser and subsequently in a small electrically-heated fluidised bed. If time allows, extended work will be conducted at elevated pressure (10 - 20 bar), more typical of conditions in pre-combustion capture. In essence, the aim of the project is to develop inexpensive sorbents for CO2 to work within an efficient thermodynamic cycle. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-206.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project: CO2 Flow Metering through Multi-Modal Sensing and Statistical Data Fusion
Measurement and monitoring of CO2 flows across the entire CCS chain are essential to ensure accurate accounting of captured CO2 and help prevent leaking during transportation to and from storage sites. This particular R&D need has been identified as one of the highest priority areas in the latest APGTF Strategy Report and in the UKCCSRC RAPID Handbook as well as in a recent study by NEL. The need for addressing measurement uncertainty and its importance for CO2 flows is a key factor in the CCS chain. The accurate measurement of CO2 is also vital to lift the strict regulations from legislative bodies off the full deployment of CCS and create a more positive public perception towards CCS. In addition, it is imperative to investigate the flow metering aspects of CO2 to inform the legislators and regulators and to have this underpinning knowledge available to the providers of the design, build and operation of CCS plants. In this project a cutting-edge technology for the measurement of CO2 flows in CCS pipelines will be developed. The technology will incorporate multi-modal sensing and statistical data fusion techniques. General-purpose flow sensors, including Averaging Differential Pressure, ultrasonic and Coriolis together with temperature, pressure and electrical impedance transducers, will be utilised to create a prototype multi-modal sensing system. A statistical data fusion method based on Bayes' rule for combining prior and observation information will be developed to integrate the outputs of the sensors and transducers. Various statistical data fusion models will be developed off-line and optimal data fusion models will be selected for on-line implementation. Meanwhile, a dedicated CO2 mass flow reference platform will be built using precision weighing techniques and its uncertainty will be established. Extensive experimental work will be conducted on the CO2 mass reference platform after implementing the on-line statistical data fusion models. The multi-modal sensing system will then be extensively tested under controlled flow conditions which resemble practical CCS conditions. The measurement uncertainty for each selected data fusion model will be reported together with the implication of costs, which will be a very informative source for users, manufacturers and researchers. Finally, the multimodal sensing system will be scaled up with the support of the industrial partner and evaluated on their large line (>DN250) flow test facility under simulated flow conditions. Effects of impurities in the CO2 flow on the performance of the flow measurement system will also be studied. Findings from the project will be disseminated to the UKCCSRC and a wider community. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-218.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project: Investigating the radiative heat flux in small and large scale oxy-coal furnaces for CFD model development and system scale up
Oxy-fuel combustion has been recognised as one of the very competitive technologies for CO2 capture in the power generation sector. Its importance for CCS technology development in the UK is evident from the Government's recent decision to fund the FEED study on White Rose Partnership project. Traditionally furnace design replies on experience based design plots and some modelling analysis. High concentration of CO2 in oxy-fuel combustion leads to a substantial change in the radiation property of the furnace and therefore CFD modelling is becoming a critical predictive and design tool. The main aims of this project are to collect a comprehensive and much needed set of data for radiation model development by measuring experimentally the combustion and heat transfer properties, including direct radiative heat flux measurements and other combustion processes, in the state-of-the-art 250kW PACT oxy-combustion test facilities and the 35MW large scale oxy-combustion plant at HUST in China. The data will then be used to develop further and validate the next generation Full-Spectrum Correlated k distributions (FSCK) model that is currently under development at Leeds. The developed and validated CFD models may then be employed with more confidence to predict, analyse and optimise the operation of future full scale CCS plant for system scale up. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-193.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project: Measurement of water solubility limits of CO2 mixtures to underpin the safe pipeline transportation of CO2
This Proposal focuses on the determination of the dew point of water (H2O), or “water solubility”, in impure CO2 mixtures (e.g. containing nitrogen, N2, oxygen, O2, hydrogen, H2, or mixtures of N2 + H2). The proposed work is a direct result of new findings in our project under Call 1, where we have obtained highly reproducible data for water solubility in CO2 + N2 using infrared spectroscopy and are well on the way to implementing an independent route using the so-called “Karl-Fischer” titration technique to give independent validation of our results. We have shown that the solubility of H2O is significantly reduced by the presence of even low concentrations of N2, a finding which has direct implications on anthropogenic CO2 transportation pipeline specifications and operation (e.g. internal corrosion). Such data have been identified by the Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum (APGTF) and the priorities specified in the UKCCRC Research And Pathways to Impact Delivery (RAPID) Handbook as being crucial for developing safe CO2 transportation in both the gaseous and dense phase. This Project has been designed to fill gaps in the available data, which are crucial for the safe implementation of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) because liquid water is highly acidic in the presence of excess CO2; this acidity can be increased by trace amounts of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and this acidity will greatly accelerate corrosion in transportation pipelines and can cause further problems in sub-surface storage. Keeping water and CO2 in a single phase during transportation will largely avoid these problems. In Call 1, we set out to design and develop two complementary experimental approaches using either Infrared spectroscopy or Karl-Fischer titration. The key is now to understand the major implications for the complex range of CCS mixtures. A further complication is that the phase behaviour is highly dependent on both composition and temperature, therefore in order to fully understand the behaviour of water in the context of CCS requires further measurements. For this project we are targeting the needs outlined by National Grid in their letter for pre-combustion CCS where H2 is a likely contaminant. We have obtained preliminary data for H2 which shows that the effects may be greater than for N2, but this needs full validation. Furthermore, we propose to test the widespread assumption that the behaviour of O2 impurities will mirror that of N2. O2 is important in CCS coupled to the oxyfuel technology. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-185.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project: Multiscale characterisation of CO2 storage in the United Kingdom
This is a partnership between Imperial College London and the British Geological Survey in which we combine our expertise in pore scale digital rock physics (DRP), reservoir condition Special Core Analysis (SCAL) and dynamic reservoir simulation to enhance modelling strategies for the prediction of the performance of CO2 storage sites leading to lower risk and optimised reservoir management. The proposal is at the forefront of the revolution in digital rock physics and will investigate pore-scale and core-scale processes of CO2 flow, dissolution and residual trapping in the laboratory and incorporate the results into existing and newly developed dynamic reservoir simulation models of major CO2 storage reservoirs in the UK. We leverage in-kind contributions of £213k in capital equipment and reservoir models. Building directly on a large body of experimental and simulation work, the outcomes of the proposed research will include the APGTF R&D roadmap targets of a multi-scale approach for 1.updated and risked first order CO2 storage capacity estimates , 2.an assessment of the value of different kinds of data (core samples, seismic) for strategic data acquisition targets and 3.robust strategies for reservoir management to enhance dissolution trapping and monitoring in the UK. The multiscale approach will be validated against field data from the Carbon Management Canada Field Research Station (CMC-FRS), using rock samples from the target reservoir intervals of the Medicine Hat and Belly River sandstone formations. An engagement and planning trip to the CMC-FRS will foster international engagement. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-197.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project: Novel Materials and Reforming Processing Route for the Production of Ready-Separated CO2/N2/H2 from Natural Gas Feedstocks
The world's population is predicted to grow from the current 7 billions to a plateau of approximately 9.2 billions to be reached within the next 60 years, representing roughly a 30 % increase in a not so distant future. The need for more energy efficient methods of producing synthetic fertilisers to meet the resulting increases in food demand and in crude (and bio) oils refining operations -on crudes of ever poorer quality- motivates the scientific community to reconsider the limitations of the mature technologies of synthetic fertilisers production and hydro-refining processes (HDS, HDN, HDM, HDO, hydrocracking) which both rely on the supply of hydrogen. Synthetic fertilisers necessitate hydrogen and nitrogen as feedstocks to make ammonia, which represents the building block for other fertilisers such as urea or ammonium nitrate. The current cheapest and most common means of producing hydrogen is natural gas steam reforming. With an abundance of natural gas reserves becoming exploitable worldwide in recent years via the hydraulic fracturing of shale gas, and given the ever more severe regulations on atmospheric pollution caused by flaring of associated gas from refineries and oil extraction operations, the production of hydrogen is very likely to remain dominated in the years to come by the process of steam reforming using natural gas as its feedstock (aka 'steam methane reforming' or 'SMR'). Conventional SMR technology usually features many unit operations (desulphurisation, pre-reforming, primary reforming, furnace, high and low temperature water gas shift (HT-WGS, LT-WGS), and final separation, with as many heat integration steps in between the units in order to reach an energy efficiency of roughly 80%. This efficiency is only attainable thanks to economies of scale, and SMR plants are consequently enormous. To avoid storage and transport costs of H2, the ammonia/ammonium nitrate/urea plants, or refinery operations are usually conducted near the site of SMR, therefore the production of the final products of fertilisers or clean fuels is very centralised, and thus vulnerable, as well as incurring large distribution costs. With sources of natural gas becoming more remote, widely distributed, shorter lived and quickly relocated, the process of converting natural gas to the final products fertiliser/clean fuel should become more mobile, down-scaleable, as fracking gas wells see their production decay with time and move to different sites. This proposal seeks to reduce significantly the energy and materials demand for the conversion of natural gas feedstocks into ready separated streams of the H2, N2 and CO2 products of steam reforming (the building blocks of urea production) by coupling the in-situ high temperature CO2 capture during the reforming reactions on a solid sorbent (a process called 'sorption enhancement') with the process of chemical looping steam reforming. A process is proposed with only two reactors, a reformer and a pressure/temperature swing separator, appropriate for the new, mobile, small scale industrial utilisation of natural gas, through realising the multiple synergies that are unique to the coupled process, and through the avoidance of expensive materials and awkward reformer geometries. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-181.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project: Novel reductive rejuvenation approaches for degraded amine solutions from PCC in power plants
Aqueous amine scrubbing was originally developed for natural gas treatment and is currently considered to be the current best available technology for post-combustion capture (PCC) of CO2 from both pulverised fuel (PF) and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants. A major issue is the severe thermo-oxidative degradation of alkanomaine solvents that occurs in PCC compared to natural gas processing, with the problem being compounded by the presence of acid gases that lead to the formation of heat stable salts (HSS). The accumulation of degradation products is known to reduce CO2 capture efficiency and cause excessive foaming and fouling and unacceptably high corrosion rates. Current measures to compensate for degradation involves purging spent solvent solution for reclaimation, makeup with fresh amine and the addition of anti-foam and oxidation/corrosion inhibitors. Reclaimer technologies based on distillation, ion-exchange and elecrodialysis have been developed to deal primarily with HSS where distillation has the advantage of removing both the HSS and their anions (i.e. formate and acetate). However, these technologies do not deal with the majority of the other degradation products, particularly those arising from thermal and oxidative degradation. Further, it has generally recognised that MEA forms high boiling polymeric material where N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediamine (HEEDA), in particular, may continue to degrade in the presence of CO2 to form longer substituted ethlyenediamines. This proposal has been prompted by our extremely promising preliminary results that the thermal and oxidative degradation of an amine polymer (polyethyleneimine) can largely be reversed using both hydrogenation and hydrothermal (hydrous) treatments. We used non-catalytic hydropyrolysis and hydrous pyrolysis treatments at temperatures below 250oC which were clearly effective in reducing oxygen functionalities without causing any degradation of the polymer chain. The challenge is to partially reduce degraded amines to hydroxyamines and also, for polymeric forms, to induce some hydrogenolysis to reduce chain lengths. Hydrous pyrolysis has the potential advantage of not directly requiring hydrogen with water being the hydrogen source. Judicious choice of catalysts provides selectivity for hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis and research on amine degradation in natural gas sweetening has shown degradation products, such as N,N-bis(2-hydroxy-ethyl)piperazine and N,N,N-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, can be converted back to hydroxyamines by a hydrotreating reactions . •Directly targeting a high research priority identified by the RAPID Handbook, the proposed research aims to investigate novel reductive approaches for rejuvenating spent amine solutions from PCC plants, namely selective catalytic hydrotreatments at modest temperatures and H2 pressures and hydrous pyrolysis (hydrothermal conversion). The specific objectives are: 1.To apply the hydrogenation/ hydropyrolysis and hydrothermal treatments to individual compounds, including 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-imidazolidone (HEIA), HEEDA, .N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide and N-methylformamide 2.Based on the model compound results, to conduct experiments on actual fractions from degraded amine solvents, notably the residues from distillation containing HSS and the compounds targeted above; and 3.To use the results to define the overall benefits hydrogenation, hydropyrolysis and hydrothermal treatments in solvent rejuvenation and a basis for planning the subsequent research needed to take forward these new treatments, in terms of identifying how these treatments can best be conducted continuously. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-189.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project: Performance of Flow Meters with Dense Phase CO2 and CCS Recovery Streams
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies are critical for the UK to achieve its an ambitious target to reduce CO2 emissions by 80% by 2050. The development of an accurate, cost efficient and scalable metering technology that could be deployed in the commercial scale transportation of CO2 by pipeline for CCS purposes is critical for the deployment of CCS. However, current technologies employed in metering CO2 flows by pipeline are unable to provide the required levels of accuracy, particularly in situations where the CO2 stream contains different levels of impurities. Accordingly, in this project we will conduct laboratory trials to assess meters for accurate flow measurements, and ultimately develop technical specifications for accurate flow metering for CCS applications. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-201.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project: Process-performance indexed design of task-specific ionic liquids for post-combustion CO2 capture
Increased population and increased economic activity have one important thing in common: increased energy demand. More and more, concern is mounting surrounding the broader environmental impact associated with this, and we are forced to consider the harsh reality that societies which systematically abuse and exploit their ecosystems tend not to survive. Historically, once a population had exhausted their local ecosystem, those who could, would relocate to another area, whilst those who could not tended to die out. In our globally connected world, we do not have the option of relocation; therefore it is imperative that we find a way to redress the adverse environmental impact that has historically been associated with anthropogenic economic activity. This work proposes to address one important aspect of this challenge; how to decarbonise power generation in a costeffective and environmentally benign manner. First patented in 1932, amine-based technologies for removing CO2 from the exhaust gases of large industrial processes are a well accepted and mature option. However, their deployment on a scale commensurate with the power generation industry would entail their utilisation on a scale of an entirely different order of magnitude. This step change brings with it two important challenges; the large cost resulting from the capital and ongoing operational cost associated with the deployment of CCS and also the possibility of ancillary environmental concerns resulting from the release of amines and their associated degradation products into the wider environment. This research proposes to solve this problem by using a new class of material, ionic liquids, for solvent based CO2 capture to produce carbon negative electricity - in effect taking CO2 out of the atmosphere and ultimately reversing global warming. Ionic liquids are an exciting new class of materials which, rather than being composed of molecules, are composed of individual anions and cations which interact to define their thermophysical properties. They are almost infinitely tunable as one can in effect design a task specific ionic liquid for a particular property, e.g., to absorb CO2. However, there is an important challenge associated with this; the sheer size of the potential design space. At the time of writing, there are approximately 109 potential combinations on anion and cation - far too many for design by experiment or heuristic. Thus, this research proposes to tackle this problem by performing this material design in a computational environment using a process performance index. In other words, the development and incorporation of a new theory for designing task specific ionic liquids in dynamic non-equilibrium models of a CO2 capture process and proposing new ionic liquids based on how they affect the efficiency of the power plant to which these processes are attached. The success criteria of this project are the development of a new, environmentally benign ionic liquids based CO2 capture process which reduces the cost of capture by approximately 40% in comparison with the current benchmark technology. Vital to the success of this work is the cutting edge collaboration between experimental and theoretical research groups in the Department of Chemical Engineering and the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial College London in addition to leading research groups in the Join BioEnergy Institute in San Francisco, USA. Important outputs of this work will be new technologies for the design of task specific ionic liquids in addition to designs operational strategies for ionic liquids based CO2 capture from large fixed point emission sources. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-199.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project: Quantifying Residual and Dissolution Trapping in the CO2CRC Otway Injection Site
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a promising means of directly lowering CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. However, concerns about the possibility of CO2 leakage are contributing to slow the widespread adoption of the technology. Research to date has failed to identify a cheap and effective means of measuring how CO2 injected underground is being stored. CO2 can be stored in four different ways: 1.Physically - where gaseous or liquid CO2 is trapped beneath an impermeable sealing cap rock. 2.Residually - where CO2 is trapped within individual and dead end spaces between rock grains (pores). 3.Solubility - where CO2 is dissolved into the formation water, which fills the pores between rock grains. 4.Mineralisation - where CO2 reacts with the host rock forming new carbonate minerals within the pores. Importantly, physically trapped CO2 is mobile and able to leak should a break form in the overlying sealing rocks. CO2 stored by the other three means is not mobile or buoyant, and hence will not migrate out of the CO2 storage site should the seal fail. It is therefore critical for reassurance to the public and regulators of CO2 storage that reliable ways to measure how much of the CO2 injected into the subsurface for storage is locked away in these secure means. Few research studies to date have quantified exactly how much CO2 is stored by residual and solubility trapping across an entire storage site. Estimations have been made from laboratory studies on rock core samples, but these only represent rocks from a small part of the CO2 storage site. Extending these results to infer how CO2 will be stored in the entire storage site is difficult as the rock cores do not represent the variation seen across the storage site. It is possible to use seismic waves to image the CO2 injected. This has proved to be a reliable means of imaging large amounts of CO2 but is unable to image thin layers of CO2 or % dissolved CO2 which makes it very difficult to quantify exactly how CO2 is being stored. Hence, there is a need to develop a reliable test which can be performed at a single CO2 injection well during assessment of a potential site for CO2 storage. This would allow the amount of CO2 which will be residually trapped in the storageformation to be determined. Such a test will lower the risk of mis-estimating the storage capacity of a site and provide a commercial operator with greater reassurance of the predictability of their proposed storage site. We will work with one of the world's leading research organisations focused on CCS, CO2CRC. They own and operate a dedicated research facility into CO2 storage, at Otway CO2 in Australia. This is uniquely suitable because in mid-2011 Otway undertook a successful experimental programme focused on determining residual trapping. Building on these experiments and in direct collaboration with CO2CRC we will use water geochemistry to establish the fate of CO2 injected into the Otway site by quantifying both the level of CO2 residually and solubility trapped and at what distance into the reservoir. This will be achieved using noble gas tracer injection and recovery, to determine residual trapping levels, and by independent oxygen stable isotope measurements to quantify the amount of CO2 dissolution. These tests will calibrate downhole geophysical techniques which CO2CRC will use. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-204.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project: S-CAPE - Shelter and Escape in the Event of a Release of CO2 from CCS Infrastructure
The aim of this project is to develop validated and computationally efficient shelter and escape models describing the consequences of a carbon dioxide (CO2) release from Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) transport infrastructure to the surrounding population. The models will allow pipeline operators, regulators and standard setters to make informed and appropriate decisions regarding pipeline safety and emergency response. The primary objectives planned to achieve this aim are: 1.To produce an indoor shelter model, based on ventilation and air change theory, which will account for both wind and buoyancy driven CO2 ventilation into a building. The model will be capable of incorporating varying cloud heights, internal building divisions, internal and external temperature differences and impurities. 2.To create an external escape model that will determine the dosage received by an individual exposed to a cloud of CO2 outdoors. The model will be capable of incorporating multi-decision making by the individual in terms of the direction and speed of running, wind direction, the time taken to find shelter and the time required to make a decision, on becoming aware of the release. 3.To build a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model describing the effects of ingress of a CO2 cloud into a multicompartment building. 4.To validate the indoor shelter model and the CFD model against experimental test data for a CO2 release into a single compartment building. 5.To validate the indoor shelter model against further CO2 ingress scenarios modelled with CFD. 6.To conduct a sensitivity study using the shelter and escape models to calculate the dosage that an individual will be expected to receive under different conditions building height, window area, wind direction, temperature gradient, wind speed, atmospheric conditions, building size, running speed, direction of travel and reaction time. 7.To illustrate how the output from the models, in terms of dosage, can be used as input to Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) studies to determine safe distances between CO2 pipelines and population centres. 8.To demonstrate how the output from the models, in terms of dosage, can be used as input to the development of emergency response plans regarding the protection afforded by shelter and the likely concentrations remaining in a shelter after release. 9.To disseminate the findings of the research to relevant stakeholders through publication of academic journal papers as well as presentations at conferences, UKCCSRC meetings and relevant specialist workshops. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-179.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project: The Development and Demonstration of Best Practice Guidelines for the Safe Start-up Injection of CO2 into Depleted Gas Fields
The aim of this proposal is to develop and validate a multi-phase flow model for simulating the highly transient flow phenomena taking place in the well-bore during start-up injection of CO2 mixtures into depleted gas fields. The objectives are to: 1.demonstrate the usefulness of the model developed based on its application to a real system as a test case; 2.use the findings in (1) to propose optimum injection strategies and develop Best Practice Guidelines for minimising the risks associated with the start-up injection of CO2 into depleted gas reservoirs. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-183.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project: Towards more flexible power generation with CCS: pilot plant test campaigns for best practice guidelines for post-combustion capture
This project aims to build on and strengthen joint industry research programmes between Edinburgh, Doosan Power Systems in the UK and Sulzer ChemTech, a world leading manufacturer of separation processes equipment, with the objectives to move beyond current concepts for designing CO2 absorption columns for base-load operation, and towards new columns capable of meeting the requirements for flexible and highly dynamic operation of CCS power plants. It is an important research for the UK to ensure that conventional power plants fitted with CCS can become a source of dispatchable and low carbon energy to complement non-dispatchable renewable technologies such as wind or solar power. We propose to demonstrate the capabilities of novel ways to use solvent property instrumentation to significantly enhance the dynamic flexibility of the amine pilot plant at the UK CCS Research Centre Pilot Advanced Capture Testing facilities and to develop an underpinning understanding of the capabilities of state-of-the-art hardware, such as structured packing,liquid distributors, used in and around packed columns. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-214.

UKCCSRC Call 2 Project: UK demonstration of Enhanced Calcium looping, and first Global Demonstration of Advanced Doping Techniques
This project contributes significantly to the de-risking of a technology which has a significantly lower efficiency penalty than post-combustion capture using Monoethanolamine (MEA) scrubbing. The work here specifically targets two industrial sectors where MEA scrubbing is at a significant disadvantage (only ~ 30 % of the low-grade heat required for MEA scrubbing is present in a cement plant, for example [1]), and in both cases the spent CaO is valuable as an input to the process itself (either as the main feedstock for cement clinker production, or as a flux in iron production). The project builds on several current projects at both Imperial College and Cranfield University and offers excellent value for money because of these synergies. Grant number: UKCCSRC-C2-209.

UKCCSRC Spring 2020 Web Series presentations
UKCCSRC Grant EP/P026214/1. The UKCCSRC Spring Web Series ran from 30th March and running until 10th July 2020 relating to various aspects of carbon capture and storage. For more information see https://ukccsrc.ac.uk/web-series/ukccsrc-spring-web-series/.

UKCCSRC Summer 2020 Web Series presentations
UKCCSRC Grant EP/P026214/1. The UKCCSRC Summer Web Series ran from 21st July to 3rd September 2020 relating to various aspects of carbon capture and storage. For more information see https://ukccsrc.ac.uk/web-series/ukccsrc-summer-web-series/.

UKCCSRC: Experimental data from brine-CO2 flow-through test on an Utsira Sand core sample at Sleipner reservoirs conditions.
The spreadsheet gathers the data collected during an experiment conducted on a Utsira Sand formation core sample to complements and constrains existing geophysical monitoring surveys at Sleipner and, more generally, improves the understanding of shallow weakly-cemented sand reservoirs. The tests were conducted in the rock physics laboratory at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, during 2016, as part of the DiSECCS project with funding from the United Kingdom’s Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC grant EP/K035878/1) and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). The experiment was a steady state brine-CO2 flow-through test to simultaneously evaluate ultrasonic waves, electrical resistivity (converted into pore fluid distribution) and mechanical indicators during CO2 geosequestration in shallow weakly-cemented reservoirs. The confining and pore pressure conditions were similar to those estimated for Sleipner (North Sea – like storage reservoirs), but simulating inflation/depletion cyclic scenarios for increasing brine:CO2 fractional flow rates. The data include primary ultrasonic wave velocities and attenuation factors, axial and radial strains, and electrical resistivity. Also, we provide a velocity-saturation relationship of practical importance to CO2 plume monitoring, obtained from the inversion of ultrasonic velocity and attenuation data and extrapolation of results to field-scale seismic-frequencies using a new rock physics theory. The dataset is linked to this publication:

UKCP09 Climate projections and clay shrink-swell susceptibility
Shrink-swell is recognised as the most significant geohazard across Great Britain. This dataset identifies areas of shrink-swell hazard with increased potential due to changing climatic conditions based on forecasts derived from the UKCP09 research project. The dataset has been created at two levels of detail for different climatic scenarios and dates up to 2080. The Basic dataset is an overview at 2Km grid resolution whilst the more detailed Premium dataset is generated at a 50m resolution. The Open versions are simplified versions of the premium versions and are shared via GeoIndex. The premium versions are paid for products. UKCP09 - UK Climate Projections 2009 project

UKCP18 Climate projections and clay shrink-swell susceptibility
Shrink-swell is recognised as the most significant geohazard across Great Britain. This dataset identifies areas of shrink-swell hazard with increased potential due to changing climatic conditions based on forecasts derived from the UKCP18 climate projections. The dataset has been created at two levels of detail for RCP8.5 emissions scenario and dates up to 2070. The Basic dataset is an overview at 2Km grid resolution whilst the more detailed Premium dataset is generated at a 50m resolution. The Open versions are simplified versions of the premium versions and are shared via BGS GeoIndex. The premium versions are paid for products. UKCP18 - UK Climate Projections 2018 project RCP8.5 - A pathway where greenhouse gas emissions continue to grow unmitigated, leading to a best estimate global average temperature rise of 4.3°C by 2100. Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are a method for capturing those assumptions within a set of scenarios.

UKGEOS Glasgow - GGC01 Initial Borehole Information Pack
The borehole information pack from borehole GGC01, site 10 of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This initial data release pack from BGS contains composite and digital wireline logs; drillers summary logs and prognosis; sample recovery information spreadsheets; and daily driller's borehole records. The cored, seismic monitoring borehole was drilled between 19 November and 12 December 2018 to 199m producing a core of 102 mm diameter. The borehole was wireline logged in December 2018 and a string of 5 seismometers were installed in February 2019. A range of fluid, water and core samples were taken during the drilling process.

UKGEOS Glasgow bedrock pre-drill model
The UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow bedrock model outputs, created by the British Geological Survey, provide a semi-regional overview of the depth and extent of bedrock lithostratigraphic units, coals and faults. The model allows users to visualise the likely subsurface sequence to be found beneath this part of Glasgow, applicable at a scale of around 1: 25,000 to 1: 10,000. The data is supplied as grids, triangulated surfaces and shapefiles over a 5 by 4.15 km area, with the depth range to around 350 m below Ordnance Datum. This model describes an interpretation of the bedrock geology before the UKGEOS Glasgow boreholes have been drilled, and was used to inform the expected sequence on drilling. Further details and model limitations can be found in the accompanying metadata report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/522737.

UKGEOS Glasgow Construction Phase Groundwater Chemistry Data Release
The data release includes groundwater chemistry data from 8 samples and 2 tap water samples collected during the borehole construction phase at the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) covers water samples collected between December 2018 and December 2019 and then analysed for the concentrations of selected parameters at BGS and other laboratories. It contains a report and a data sheet. Further details can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/530443

UKGEOS Glasgow GGA01 borehole information pack
The borehole information pack from borehole GGA01, site 01 of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) contains BGS and Drillers’ logs, cased hole wireline data, a listing of archived rock chips and a descriptive report. The mine water characterisation and monitoring borehole was drilled between 11th June and 21st August 2019 (start of drilling to casing installation date) to 52 m drilled depth. The cased borehole was wireline logged and hydrogeologically tested in January 2020. Rock chip samples were taken during the drilling process and have been archived at the National Geological Repository at BGS Keyworth. Further details can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/528075, DOI

UKGEOS Glasgow GGA02 borehole information pack
The borehole information pack from borehole GGA02, site 01 of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) contains BGS and Drillers’ logs, cased hole wireline data, details on fibre-optic cable installation, a listing of archived rock chips and a descriptive report. The borehole was drilled between 17th June and 20th September 2019 (start of drilling to casing installation date) to 94.16 m drilled depth as a mine water characterisation and monitoring borehole. Unfortunately, during the final stages of construction grout entered inside the casing, the casing was damaged and the borehole is now available as a sensor testing borehole to 67.2 m. The cased borehole was wireline logged in January 2020. Rock chip samples were taken during the drilling process and have been archived at the National Geological Repository at BGS Keyworth. Further details can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/528076 DOI

UKGEOS Glasgow GGA04 borehole information pack
The borehole information pack from borehole GGA04, site 02 of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) contains BGS and Drillers’ logs, cased hole and open hole wireline data, a listing of archived rock chips and a descriptive report. The mine water characterisation and monitoring borehole was drilled between 28th June and 22nd October 2019 (start of drilling to casing installation date) to 53.63 m drilled depth. The cased borehole was wireline logged and hydrogeologically tested in January 2020. Rock chip samples were taken during the drilling process and have been archived at the National Geological Repository at BGS Keyworth. Further details can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/528078 DOI

The borehole information pack from borehole GGA05, site 02 of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) contains BGS and Drillers’ logs, cased hole and open hole wireline data, optical camera data, a listing of archived rock chips and a descriptive report. The mine water characterisation and monitoring borehole was drilled between 1st July and 11th October 2019 (start of drilling to casing installation date) to 88.5 m drilled depth. The cased borehole was wireline logged and hydrogeologically tested in January 2020. Rock chip samples were taken during the drilling process and have been archived at the National Geological Repository at BGS Keyworth. Further details can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/528052 DOI

UKGEOS Glasgow GGA06r borehole information pack
The borehole information pack from borehole GGA06r, site 02 of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) contains BGS and Drillers’ logs, a listing of archived rock chips and a descriptive report. The environmental baseline characterisation and monitoring borehole was drilled between 3rd July and 2nd August 2019 (start of drilling to casing installation date) to 16 m drilled depth. The cased borehole was hydrogeologically tested in January 2020. Rock chip samples were taken during the drilling process and have been archived at the National Geological Repository at BGS Keyworth. Further details can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/528079 DOI

The borehole information pack from borehole GGA07, site 03 of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) contains BGS and Drillers’ logs, cased hole and open hole wireline data, optical camera data, a listing of archived rock chips and a descriptive report. The mine water characterisation and monitoring borehole was drilled between 24th June and 16th December 2019 (start of drilling to casing installation date) to 56.9 m drilled depth. The cased borehole was wireline logged in January 2020 and hydrogeologically tested in February 2020. Rock chip samples were taken during the drilling process and have been archived at the National Geological Repository at BGS Keyworth. Further details can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/528080 DOI

The borehole information pack from borehole GGA08, site 03 of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) contains BGS and Drillers’ logs, cased hole and open hole wireline data, optical camera, CCTV data, a listing of archived rock chips and a descriptive report. The mine water characterisation and monitoring borehole was drilled between 25th June and 6th December 2019 (start of drilling to casing installation date) to 91.37 m drilled depth. The cased borehole was wireline logged in January 2020 and hydrogeologically tested in February 2020. Rock chip samples were taken during the drilling process and have been archived at the National Geological Repository at BGS Keyworth. Further details can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/528081 DOI

UKGEOS Glasgow GGA09r borehole information pack
The borehole information pack from borehole GGA09r, site 03 of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) contains BGS and Drillers’ logs, a listing of archived rock chips and a descriptive report. The environmental baseline characterisation and monitoring borehole was drilled between 26th June and 6th August 2019 (start of drilling to casing installation date) to 16 m drilled depth. The cased borehole was hydrogeologically tested in Febuary 2020. Rock chip samples were taken during the drilling process and have been archived at the National Geological Repository at BGS Keyworth. Further details can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/528082 DOI

UKGEOS Glasgow GGB04 borehole information pack
The borehole information pack from borehole GGB04, site 05 of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) contains BGS and Drillers’ logs, a listing of archived rock chips and a descriptive report. The environmental baseline characterisation and monitoring borehole was drilled between 4th July and 1st August 2019 (start of drilling to casing installation date) to 16 m drilled depth. The cased borehole was hydrogeologically tested in Febuary 2020. Rock chip samples were taken during the drilling process and have been archived at the National Geological Repository at BGS Keyworth. Further details can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/528083 DOI

UKGEOS Glasgow GGB05 borehole information pack
The borehole information pack from borehole GGB05, site 05 of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) contains BGS and Drillers’ logs, a listing of archived rock chips and a descriptive report. The environmental baseline characterisation and monitoring borehole was drilled between 5th July and 11th October 2019 (start of drilling to casing installation date) to 46 m drilled depth. The cased borehole was hydrogeologically tested in Febuary 2020. Rock chip samples were taken during the drilling process and have been archived at the National Geological Repository at BGS Keyworth. Further details can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/528084 DOI:

UKGEOS Glasgow GGC01 Final Borehole Information Pack
The borehole information pack from borehole GGC01, site 10 of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This final data release pack from BGS contains geophysical (MSCL-S), Near Infrared (NIR) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF; mineralogical and chemical) core scan and core-wireline depth integration data, in addition to sedimentology, discontinuity and engineering logs, core scan optical and X-ray images, composite and digital wireline logs, drillers' summary logs and prognosis, sample recovery information spreadsheets and daily drillers' borehole records that were contained within the now-superseded intermediate data release. The cored, seismic monitoring borehole was drilled between 19 November and 12 December 2018 to 199m producing a core of 102 mm diameter. The borehole was wireline logged in December 2018 and a string of 5 seismometers were installed in February 2019. A range of fluid, water and core samples were taken during the drilling process. The borehole information pack- final release contains a range of logs on the core as well as images and scans of that core, these data were acquired in the first half of 2019 and late 2020/early 2021. The final data release for GGC01 includes: 1. UKGEOSGlasgow_GGC01_Final.zip file that includes the majority of the various data files, including files from the intermediate and initial data packs. 2. UKGEOSGlasgowGGC01_slabbedhighresimages.zip that contains the slabbed core optical images, 51GB in size. 3. Intermediate Borehole Information Pack - Part Two, high resolution whole core optical and radiographic images https://doi.org/10.5285/0b49f25b-a5d6-401c-98ff-397ad9ee9ed1 71GB in size, already released. Further details and model limitations can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/530762

UKGEOS Glasgow GGC01 Intermediate Borehole Information Pack - Part One
The borehole information pack from borehole GGC01, site 10 of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This intermediate data release pack from BGS contains sedimentology, discontinuity and engineering logs, as well as the information contained within the initial release: composite and digital wireline logs; drillers summary logs and prognosis; sample recovery information spreadsheets; and daily driller's borehole records. The cored, seismic monitoring borehole was drilled between 19 November and 12 December 2018 to 199m producing a core of 102 mm diameter. The borehole was wireline logged in December 2018 and a string of 5 seismometers were installed in February 2019. A range of fluid, water and core samples were taken during the drilling process. The borehole information pack- intermediate release contains a range of logs on the core as well as images of that core, these data were acquired in the first half of 2019. More information is available in the accompanying metadata report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/525009.

UKGEOS Glasgow GGC01 Intermediate Borehole Information Pack - Part Two
The borehole information pack from borehole GGC01, site 10 of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This intermediate data release pack from BGS contains core scan optical and X-ray images from the core scanning facility at BGS Keyworth. The cored, seismic monitoring borehole was drilled between 19 November and 12 December 2018 to 199m producing a core of 102 mm diameter. The borehole was wireline logged in December 2018 and a string of 5 seismometers were installed in February 2019. A range of fluid, water and core samples were taken during the drilling process. The borehole information pack- intermediate release contains a range of logs on the core as well as images of that core, these data were acquired in the first half of 2019. More information is available in the accompanying metadata report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/525009.

UKGEOS Glasgow groundwater and surface water chemistry dataset release (2020-2021) version 2
The data release includes surface and groundwater chemistry data from 86 samples (20 surface water, 60 ground water, and 6 ground water duplicates) collected during the baseline water monitoring at the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) covers surface and groundwater samples collected between 14 September 2020 and 20 May 2021 from 6 surface water sites, 5 mine water boreholes, and 5 environmental monitoring boreholes. The samples were then analysed for the concentrations of selected parameters at BGS and other laboratories. It contains a report and 2 data sheets GroundWaterChemData1 and SurfaceWaterChemData2. Version 2 06/09/2023 - Edits made to create consistency with subsequent data release, field included erroneously, removed.

UKGEOS Glasgow groundwater and surface water chemistry dataset release (2020–2021)
The data release includes surface and groundwater chemistry data from 86 samples (20 surface water, 60 ground water, and 6 ground water duplicates) collected during the baseline water monitoring at the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) covers surface and groundwater samples collected between 14 September 2020 and 20 May 2021 from 6 surface water sites, 5 mine water boreholes, and 5 environmental monitoring boreholes. The samples were then analysed for the concentrations of selected parameters at BGS and other laboratories. It contains a report and 2 data sheets GroundWaterChemData1 and SurfaceWaterChemData2. Further details can be found in the accompanying report https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/532731/ . Detailed methodologies are reported in Fordyce (2021, http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/529818/ and Palumbo-Roe (2021, http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/531098/ ).

UKGEOS Glasgow groundwater and surface water chemistry dataset release (2021–2022)
The data release includes surface and groundwater chemistry data from 99 samples (33 surface water, 60 groundwater, and 6 groundwater duplicates) collected during the baseline water monitoring at the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) covers surface and groundwater samples collected between 22 June 2021 and 28 January 2022 from 6 surface water sites, 5 mine water boreholes, and 5 environmental monitoring boreholes. The samples were then analysed for the concentrations of selected parameters at BGS and other laboratories. It contains a report and 2 data sheets GroundWaterChemData2 and SurfaceWaterChemData3.

UKGEOS Glasgow Hydrogeological Test Pumping Data Release
The data release includes initial interpretation from test pumping of boreholes at the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) covers a programme of test pumping carried out in ten boreholes in January and February 2020. It contains contractors reports and data sheets, BGS data sheets of data logger and manual dip data in the pumped borehole and in the observation boreholes. Step tests and five hour constant rate tests were performed in nine of the boreholes and a slug (falling/rising/head) test was performed in one borehole. Further details can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/530507

UKGEOS Glasgow post-drill bedrock model
The UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow bedrock model outputs, created by the British Geological Survey, provide a semi-regional overview of the depth and extent of bedrock lithostratigraphic units, coals and faults. The model allows users to visualise the likely subsurface sequence to be found beneath this part of Glasgow, applicable at a scale of around 1: 25,000 to 1: 10,000. The data is supplied as grids, triangulated surfaces and shapefiles over a 5 by 4.15 km area, with the depth range to around 350 m below Ordnance Datum. This model describes an interpretation of the bedrock geology after the UKGEOS Glasgow boreholes had been drilled, the results of the nine UKGEOS boreholes that penetrated bedrock have been incorporated. Further details and model limitations can be found in the accompanying metadata report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/531157/

UKGEOS Glasgow post-drill coal mine model
The UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow 3D coal mine model outputs, created by the British Geological Survey, provide a semi-regional overview of the depth and extent of surveyed and probable coal mine workings, plus stone and coal roads surveyed within the mines. The model allows users to visualise the surveyed and probable coal mine workings to be found beneath this part of Glasgow, applicable at a scale of around 1: 25,000 to 1: 10,000. The data is supplied as grids, triangulated surfaces over a 5 by 4.15 km area, with the depth range to around 300 m below Ordnance Datum. The mine extents are ‘cut out’ of the UKGEOS Glasgow post-drill bedrock model. This model describes both surveyed (recorded on mine abandonment plan) and probable coal mine workings. An area of probable workings has been updated to account for the results of drilling borehole GGC01. Further details and model limitations can be found in the accompanying metadata report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/531157/

UKGEOS Glasgow post-drill superficial deposits model
The UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow superficial deposits GSI3D model outputs, created by the British Geological Survey, provide a semi-regional overview of the depth, thickness and extent of glacial and post-glacial lithostratigraphic units above rockhead. The model allows users to visualise the likely subsurface sequence to be found beneath this part of Glasgow, applicable at a scale of around 1: 25,000 to 1: 10,000. The data is supplied as grids and shapefiles over a 7 by 4.15 km area, with the depth range to around 40 m below Ordnance Datum. This model describes an interpretation of the shallow geology updated to incorporate the results of drilling the 12 UKGEOS Glasgow boreholes (post-drill model). Further details and model limitations can be found in the accompanying metadata report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/531155/ . DOI: https://doi.org/10.5285/915f690f-32cf-41b7-984e-c32344d3a543

UKGEOS Glasgow pre-drill coal mine model
The UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow 3D coal mine model outputs, created by the British Geological Survey, provide a semi-regional overview of the depth and extent of surveyed and probable coal mine workings, plus stone and coal roads surveyed within the mines. The model allows users to visualise the surveyed and probable coal mine workings to be found beneath this part of Glasgow, applicable at a scale of around 1: 25,000 to 1: 10,000. The data is supplied as grids, triangulated surfaces over a 5 by 4.15 km area, with the depth range to around 300 m below Ordnance Datum. The mine extents are ‘cut out’ of the UKGEOS Glasgow pre-drill bedrock model. This model describes both surveyed (recorded on mine abandonment plan) and probable coal mine workings before the UKGEOS Glasgow boreholes have been drilled, and was used to inform the expected sequence on drilling. Further details and model limitations can be found in the accompanying metadata report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/522737

UKGEOS Glasgow Soil Chemistry 03_18 dataset
The UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility, baseline soil geochemistry dataset released from the BGS comprises an excel file with two spreadsheets. The first spreadsheet contains information on the chemical composition of 90 topsoil (0 - 20 cm) samples collected from seven initially proposed borehole sites for the UKGEOS Glasgow facility, and from two control sites, in February-March 2018 (03-18). Ten samples were collected from each site prior to installation of the UKGEOS Glasgow facility, and underwent laboratory analysis. Chemical data for pH and the total concentrations of 54 inorganic and 75 organic substances in the soil samples are presented. In addition, the dataset contains locational and descriptive information about the samples noted during sampling. The analyte name, element chemical symbols, analytical method, units of measurement and limits of quantification are recorded in header rows at the top of the spreadsheet. The dataset includes qualifiers, highlighting any quality control issues reported with the data. The data qualifiers are explained in the second spreadsheet released with the data. Further details about the dataset can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/527798/.

UKGEOS Glasgow summary borehole information (Cuningar Loop)
This summary borehole information release is for ‘as-built’ mine water and environmental baseline monitoring boreholes of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility at Cuningar Loop. The information pack from BGS contains a brief report with summary tables of locations, drilled depths, screened intervals and illustrative interpretations, and is accompanied with a spreadsheet and shapefile of the borehole locations and drilled depths. The purpose is to give potential users of the Glasgow Observatory an outline of the as-built infrastructure including condition of the target mine workings, as a summary of the more detailed information packs for each borehole. This dataset was updated in June 2020. Further details can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/526889

UKGEOS Glasgow superficial deposits pre-drill model
The UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow superficial deposits GSI3D model outputs, created by the British Geological Survey, provide a semi-regional overview of the depth, thickness and extent of glacial and post-glacial lithostratigraphic units above rockhead. The model allows users to visualise the likely subsurface sequence to be found beneath this part of Glasgow, applicable at a scale of around 1: 25,000 to 1: 10,000. The data is supplied as grids and shapefiles over a 7 by 4.15 km area, with the depth range to around 40 m below Ordnance Datum. This model describes an interpretation of the shallow geology before the UKGEOS Glasgow boreholes have been drilled, and was used to inform the expected sequence on drilling. Further details and model limitations can be found in the accompanying metadata report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/524556

UKGEOS Glasgow Surface Water Chemistry Dataset1 – release (2019-2020)
The UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow baseline surface water chemistry dataset1 released from the BGS comprises an excel file with two spreadsheets. The first spreadsheet contains information on the chemical composition of 98 surface water samples (84 samples and 14 field duplicates) collected monthly for 14 months between February 2019 and March 2020 from six sampling locations. These comprised three on the River Clyde at the UKGEOS Glasgow Cuningar Loop borehole cluster and three from control sites (two on the River Clyde and one on the Tollcross Burn). Field measurements of pH, redox potential, specific electrical conductance, temperature, dissolved oxygen and alkalinity and laboratory chemical data for concentrations of 71 inorganic and 10 organic substances in the surface water samples are presented. The dataset contains locational and descriptive information about the samples also. The analyte name, element chemical symbols, analytical method, units of measurement and long-term limits of detection are recorded in header rows at the top of the spreadsheet. The limits of detection/quantification for each monthly batch of samples are documented in rows at the head of each batch. The dataset includes abbreviations documenting quality control issues such as missing values. A guide to abbreviations used in the dataset is provided in the second excel spreadsheet released with the data. Further details about the dataset can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/529818.

UKGEOS Glasgow Test Pumping Groundwater Chemistry Data Release
The data release includes groundwater chemistry data from 15 samples collected during the borehole test pumping phase at the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Glasgow facility. This release from the British Geological Survey (BGS) covers groundwater samples collected between 14 January 2020 and 21 February 2020 and then analysed for the concentrations of selected parameters at BGS and other laboratories. It contains a report and 2 data sheets. Further details can be found in the accompanying report http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/531098/.

UKGEOS Cheshire - BHA-101 Initial Borehole Information Pack
This data pack contains information from geotechnical and contaminated land investigations carried out at potential sites for the development of the UK Geoenergy Observatory in Cheshire. Following these investigations, a decision was made to move the proposed observatory to Thornton Science Park. None of the sites discussed in this data pack are in scope for development as part of the Cheshire Observatory. In total 16 holes were drilled using a variety of techniques. The only hole to be drilled using rotary coring was BHA-101. This borehole was cored extensively and logged with wireline geophysical tools. As such this is the main focus of the data pack. BHA-101 was drilled to TD of 121.2 m between 19-Nov-2020 and 09-Dec-2020. Drill core was collected from 51 m – 121 mm with 100 mm diameter. This initial data release pack from BGS contains composite and digital wireline logs alongside daily driller's borehole records.

UKGEOS Cheshire - TH0424 Final Borehole Information Pack
The final borehole information pack from the TH0424 Ground Investigation Borehole drilled as part of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Cheshire facility. TH0424 was drilled to TD of 101 m between the 08-Nov-2021 and 30 Nov-2021. Drill core was collected from 2 m – 101 m with 100 mm diameter. This final data release pack from BGS contains composite and digital wireline logs alongside daily driller's borehole records, sedimentary and discontinuity logging and core analysis data. This information pack also contains the Initial and additional Core Scanning datasets from the BGS Core Scanning Facility ( https://doi.org/10.5285/b06d44e6-324d-4e19-bf78-a4520b9b87c8 and

UKGEOS Cheshire - TH0424 Initial Borehole Information Pack
The initial borehole information pack from the TH0424 Ground Investigation Borehole drilled as part of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Cheshire facility. TH0424 was drilled to TD of 101 m between the 08-Nov-2021 and 30-Nov-2021. Drill core was collected from 2 m – 101 mm with 100 mm diameter. This initial data release pack from BGS contains composite and digital wireline logs alongside daily driller's borehole records. This information pack also contains the Initial Core Scan dataset from the BGS Core Scanning Facility (

UKGEOS Cheshire Ince Marshes BHA-101 Core Scanning Dataset
A core scanning dataset from the BHA-101 drill core that was drilled onshore at the Ince Marshes site near the village of Elton, Cheshire, UK as part of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Cheshire ground investigation funded by UKRI/NERC. This core scanning dataset pack contains high-resolution optical and radiographic images, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and physical property downcore point measurements on core from 71.12 m to 121.1 m (Sherwood Sandstone Group) obtained at the Core Scanning Facility (CSF) at the British Geological Survey (BGS).

UKGEOS Cheshire TH0424 Additional Core Scanning Dataset
An additional core scanning dataset from the TH0424 drill core that was drilled onshore at Thornton Science Park, Cheshire, UK as part of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Cheshire ground investigation funded by UKRI/NERC. The approximately 100 m long core succession comprises the Sherwood Sandstone Group. This additional core scanning dataset pack contains high-resolution optical images and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) downcore point measurements obtained using a Geotek Core Workstation (MSCL-XYZ) at the Core Scanning Facility (CSF) at the British Geological Survey (BGS).

UKGEOS Cheshire TH0424 Additional Core Scanning Dataset (superseded)
An additional core scanning dataset from the TH0424 drill core that was drilled onshore at Thornton Science Park, Cheshire, UK as part of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Cheshire ground investigation funded by UKRI/NERC. The approximately 100 m long core succession comprises the Sherwood Sandstone Group. This additional core scanning dataset pack contains high-resolution optical images and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) downcore point measurements obtained using a Geotek Core Workstation (MSCL-XYZ) at the Core Scanning Facility (CSF) at the British Geological Survey (BGS).

UKGEOS Cheshire TH0424 Initial Core Scanning Dataset
An initial core scanning dataset from the TH0424 borehole that was drilled onshore at Thornton Science Park, Cheshire, UK as part of the UK Geoenergy Observatories (UKGEOS) Cheshire ground investigation funded by UKRI/NERC. The approximately 100 m long core succession comprises the Sherwood Sandstone Group. The core scanning dataset contains X-ray radiographic images and geophysical property data obtained using a Geotek rotating X-ray computed tomography (RXCT) core scanner and a Geotek multi-sensor core logger (MSCL-S) at the Core Scanning Facility (CSF) at the British Geological Survey (BGS).

Ultrasonic and mechanical data from laboratory shear failure experiments in fluid saturated Westerly granite (NERC Grant NE/S000852/1)
Data recorded during triaxial rock deformation experiments of Westerly granite in the presence of pressurised pore fluids (water). Data consists of mechanical data (load, displacement, confining pressure) and pore pressure data (up- and downstream pore pressure, upstream intensifier volume, four pore pressure transducers mounted on sample) for two experiments, recorded at low and high acquisition frequencies. Also contains .h5 files with all ultrasonic waveforms (active surveys and acoustic emissions). Dataset complementary to dataset ID165485 . Contains all data necessary to evaluate the results presented in the paper entitled: 'Rupture and afterslip controlled by spontaneous local fluid flow in crustal rock' by Aben and Brantut, submitted to Geophysical Research Letters, and available at arXiv (arXiv:).

Ultrasonic Shear Wave Velocity and Attenuation during methane hydrate formation in water saturated sandstone (NERC Grant NE/J020753/1)
This dataset is of laboratory ultrasonic shear wave measurements during methane hydrate formation in water saturated Berea sandstone using pulse echo method. We formed methane hydrate and took shear wave measurements during the formation process at different time interval. The hydrate saturation was calculated from measured pressure and temperature changes. This data set was used to show how shear wave velocity and attenuation can be used to estimate permeability of hydrate-bearing geological formations. We observed that velocity and attenuation both increase with hydrate saturation, with two peaks in attenuation at hydrate saturations of around 6% and 20% that correspond to changes in gradient of velocity. These laboratory experiments were conducted in National Oceanography Centre, Southampton by Sourav Sahoo with technical support provided by Laboratory Manager Laurence North. Sourav Sahoo interpreted the data. The hydrate formation process continued for few days and measurements were done mostly during daytime due to limited laboratory access during the night. This data set has been used for the paper published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (DOI 10.1029/2021JB022206)

Uncertainty in recharge values at selected boreholes across Europe
A dataset showing the locations of the boreholes where LTA recharge values are calculated together with percentile values to address uncertainty. Clicking a borehole will lead to a figure showing the LTA values (mm/year) and the corresponding percentile values. Values are best used for guidance only.

Unconventional gas plays in the North Sea
This dataset describes the gas resources in shales and other tight reservoirs in the North Sea area. The hydrocarbon content is estimated using Monte Carlo simulations. The estimates of adsorped gas, free gas and GIIP (Gas Initially In Place) are shown for the percentiles P10, P50 and P90. At P90, 90% of the calculated estimates will be equal or exceed the shown figure. At P10, it is only 10% of the calculated estimates that exceed the shown value. A more detailed description of the data is found in the report, GARAH Deliverable 2.3. Updated assessment of the conventional and unconventional resources of the North Sea Basin.

Unconventional oil plays in the North Sea
This dataset describes the oil resources in shales and other tight reservoirs in the North Sea area. The hydrocarbon content is estimated using Monte Carlo simulations. The estimates of free oil in 106 m3 or in 106 barrels are shown for the percentiles P10, P50 and P90. At P90, 90% of the calculated estimates will be equal or exceed the shown figure. At P10, it is only 10% of the calculated estimates that exceed the shown value. A more detailed description of the data is found in the report, GARAH Deliverable 2.3. Updated assessment of the conventional and unconventional resources of the North Sea Basin.

Understanding how the mantle transition-zone 'valve' controls slab fate (NERC grants NE/I024429/1)
This dataset holds the output of all the simulations in the Open Access article - Garel, F., S. Goes, D. R. Davies, J. H. Davies, S. C. Kramer, and C. R. Wilson, Interaction of subducted slabs with the mantle transition-zone: A regime diagram from 2-D thermo-mechanical models with a mobile trench and an overriding plate, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 15, 1739-1765, doi 10.1002/2014GC005257, 2014.

Understanding The Micro-To Macro Behaviour Of Rock-Fluid Systems - M2M
The M2M Thematic Programme funded 17 scientific investigation projects leading to more unified physical understanding of fluid flow distributions in heterogeneous rock. The programme focused on developing an understanding of the relationships between measured and modelled subsurface fluid flows spanning the range of spatial and temporal scales relevant to fluid resource management. The programme was motivated by the growing recognition that assumptions of uniformity at certain scales are inadequate for extrapolating fluid behaviour both in time and space. Research spanning a wide spectrum of observation and simulation scales was undertaken by the programme which can be divided into four themes: (1) understanding the natural processes which lead to scaling relationships between size and magnitude of rock and flow heterogeneity; (2) quantification of essential fluid flow properties and their spatial pattern from measurements;(3) identification of appropriate statistical models and scaling laws describing rock property heterogeneity and fluid-rock interactions in geological media;(4) understanding the relationships between rock property distributions and flow model parameter distributions.

University of Bergen (UIB) Geophysical Survey 1996/3: Norwegian Sea (07/07/1996 to 18/07/1996)
This sampling and geophysical survey has been carried out by University of Bergen in collaboration with British Geological Survey (BGS), the survey took place in July 1996 on the North Sea Margin (North Sea Fan; Miller Slide and Faeroe-Shetland Channel) on board the RV Hakon Mosby. The purpose was to collect data as a contribution to the Europen Union’s project “European North Atlantic Margin (ENAM II): Quantification and modelling of large-scale sedimentary processes and fluxes” program. Sea floor data were collected using echo sounder. Sub-bottom profiling data were collected using airgun and deep tow boomer. Sample data were collected using gravity corer. These data are archived by University of Bergen, copy seismic records archived by BGS. Technical details of the survey are contained in University of Bergen ENAM II cruise report No. 2 (Non-BGS report reference 2006/9).

University of Bergen (UIB) Geophysical Survey 2000/2_COSTA: AFEN Slide on the Shetlands Margin (09/Aug/2000 to 15/Aug/2000)
This marine geophysical survey took place in August 2000 on board the RV Hakon Mosby on the AFEN slide, Shetlands margin area. This was a joint contribution of the University of Bergen and the British Geological Survey to the EU COSTA (Continental Slope Stability) project. The main objective of the COSTA project is the assessment of continental slope stability along the European Continental Margin with respect to natural processes and human activity. Subsurface seismic data was collected using BGS Deep-tow boomer and Halliburton sleeve gun system. Technical details of the survey are contained in University of Bergen report 100-02/00 (BGS2000/074).

Uranium-lead (U-Pb) dating of the Wensleydale Granite, Yorkshire Dales, UK
We undertook U-Pb analysis - both high precision ID-TIMS and high spatial resolution LA-MC-ICP-MS – to determine the age of the Wensleydale Granite. This was done in order to resolve the ambiguity surrounding an earlier (1974) Rb/Sr age determination.

Uranium and Thorium activity data in sediment cores in the North Atlantic Ocean (NERC Grant NE/M004619/1)
Activity (dpm/g) of Uranium and thorium isotopes from 3 sediment cores in the North Atlantic: ODP980, ODP983, EW9302-2JPC. Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 980 was drilled in July 1995 in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Feni Drift, off the eastern edge of the Rockall Plateau at 55.49°N, 14.70°W. Hole 980A Position: 55°29.087'N, 14°42.134'W. Hole 980B Position: 55°29.094'N, 14°42.137'W. ODP Site 983 was drilled was drilled in July 1995 and is located on the Bjorn Drift in approximately 1650 m water depth on the eastern flank of the Reykjanes Ridge. Hole 983A Position: 60°24.200'N, 23°38.437'W. Site EW9302-2JPC, an ODP Site Survey in 1993, of Rockall Plateau and East Flank of Reykjanes Ridge from the Flemish Cap in the south- eastern Labrador Sea (Figure 1). EW9302-2JPC Position: 4847.700 N, 4505.090 W, taken at water depth 1251m.

Uranium in stream sediment
THIS DATASET HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN **This dataset was created for the "Britain beneath our feet" atlas using information extracted from the Geochemical Baseline Survey Of The Environment (G-BASE) For The UK . For Uranium in stream sediment data please see Geochemical Baseline Survey Of The Environment (G-BASE) For The UK ** Geochemical Baseline Survey Of The Environment (G-BASE) coverage for Uranium in stream sediment. The G-BASE programme involves systematic sampling and the determination of chemical elements in samples of stream sediment, stream water and, locally, soil, to build up a picture of the surface chemistry of the UK. The average sample density for stream sediments and water is about one site per 1.5-2km square. Analytical precision is high with strict quality control to ensure countrywide consistency. Results have been standardised to ensure seamless joins between geochemical sampling campaigns. The data provide baseline information on the natural abundances of elements, against which anomalous values due to such factors as mineralisation and industrial contamination may be compared.

Uranium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Uranium (U), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Uranium isotopes (234U/235U/238U) and uranium concentration data on a suite of terrestrial and extra-terrestrial samples. (NERC grant NE/H023933/1)
This data compilation contains uranium isotopes (234U/235U/238U) and concentration data on a suite of terrestrial and extra-terrestrial samples for understanding the uranium isotope cycling on Earth. Sample list includes meteorites (ordinary chondrites, eucrites), mantle-derived basalts (Ocean Island Basalts, Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts), arc volcanics, altered oceanic crust (ODP 801), volcanici-clastic sediments, seawater, fossil corals and organic-rich sediments (From the Black Sea and Cariaco Basin).

Urban Geo Footprint city analysis and city geo factsheets
Abstract comes here...

Urban Soil Chemistry
This dataset has now been superseded, please see the Estimated Urban Soil Chemistry dataset. There are two themes to BGS urban soil chemistry, the point source dataset and the estimated dataset. The point source urban soil chemistry data comprises the locations and concentrations (mg kg-1) of Arsenic (As). Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni) and Lead (Pb) in urban topsoil samples. The Estimated Urban Soil Chemistry data indicates the estimated geometric mean concentrations (mg kg-1) of As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in topsoil derived by spatial interpolation of the Point Source Urban Soil Chemistry data. Both urban soil chemistry datasets are derived from high resolution urban soil geochemical data from the BGS Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment (G-BASE) project. The Urban Soil Chemistry data can be used to assist Local Planning Authorities to identify those areas where a risk assessment may need to be carried out by developers. Comparison of this spatially referenced geochemical data with information on current or historic land use and geological information might help environmental professionals decide whether high PHE concentrations in topsoils can be attributed to geogenic or anthropogenic sources. The dataset is based on, and limited to, an interpretation of the records in the possession of the BGS at the time the dataset was created.

URGENT - Urban Regeneration And The Environment
Programme of research funded by the Natural Environment Research Council. URGENT aims to stimulate the regeneration of the urban environment through understanding and managing the interaction of natural and man-made processes. Projects throughout the UK first set up in 1997 and completed in 2005. It was supported by partners from British industry, local authorities and Government agencies. A total of 40 URGENT projects in four key areas - air, water, soil and ecology. The projects aim was to determine the magnitude of urban environmental problems and risks, to understand the underlying patterns and processes that affect them, and to produce effective strategies for control and managment which will be accessible to users both in the UK and abroad.

Usługa ATOM feed dla zbioru 'Geofizyka-sejsmika'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia obiekty geofizyczne na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology - Geophysics.

Usługa ATOM feed dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - grawimetria [1]'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia obiekty geofizyczne z zakresu grawimetrii na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology - Geophysics.

Usługa ATOM feed dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - grawimetria [2]'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia obiekty geofizyczne z zakresu grawimetrii na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology - Geophysics.

Usługa ATOM feed dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - grawimetria [3]'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia obiekty geofizyczne z zakresu grawimetrii na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology - Geophysics.

Usługa ATOM feed dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - magnetotelluryka'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia obiekty geofizyczne z zakresu magnetotelluryki na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology - Geophysics.

Usługa ATOM feed dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - magnetyka [1]'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia obiekty geofizyczne z zakresu magnetyki na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology - Geophysics.

Usługa ATOM feed dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - magnetyka [2]'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia obiekty geofizyczne z zakresu magnetyki na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology - Geophysics.

Usługa ATOM feed dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - magnetyka [3]'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia obiekty geofizyczne z zakresu magnetyki na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology - Geophysics.

Usługa ATOM feed dla zbioru 'Hydrogeologia'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia obiekty hydrogeologiczne na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Hydrogeology.

Usługa ATOM feed dla zbioru 'Mapa Geologiczna Bałtyku w skali 1:200 000 – osady powierzchniowe'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia mapę geologiczną Bałtyku w skali 1:200 000 - osady powierzchniowe. Podstawą wyróżnienia typów osadów była klasyfikacja F.P. Sheparda. Zbiór danych zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Geologic Map.

Usługa ATOM feed dla zbioru 'Mapa Geologiczna Bałtyku w skali 1:200 000 – osady w podłożu'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia mapę geologiczną Bałtyku w skali 1:200 000 - osady w podłożu. Podstawą wyróżnienia typów osadów była klasyfikacja F.P. Sheparda. Zbiór danych zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Geologic Map.

Usługa ATOM feed dla zbioru 'Mapa Geologiczna Polski'
Zharmonizowane zbiory danych map geologicznych Polski w skali co najmniej 1:500 000. Zbiór danych zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Geologic Map.

Usługa ATOM feed dla zbioru 'Odwierty'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia odwierty na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Boreholes.

Usługa ATOM feed dla zbioru 'Odwierty na potrzeby szczelinowania hydraulicznego'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia odwierty na potrzeby szczelinowania hydraulicznego na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Boreholes.

Usługa ATOM feed dla zbioru 'Zasoby energetyczne'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia zasoby energetyczne na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Energy Resources.

Usługa pobierania WFS dla Centralnej Bazy Danych Geologicznych: podsystem Otwory
Usługa pobierania umożliwiająca pobieranie danych z podsystemu Otwory CBDG. Usługa wykorzystuje interfejs WFS OGC w wersji 2.0.0.

Usługa przeglądania danych WMS podsystemu Otwory Centralnej Bazy Danych Geologicznych
Usługa przeglądania danych podsystemu Otwory Centralnej Bazy Danych Geologicznych. Usługa spełnia wymagania specyfikacji INSPIRE dla usług przeglądania (INSPIRE View Service). Usługa wykorzystuje interfejs WMS OGC w wersji 1.3.0.

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka-sejsmika'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia obiekty geofizyczne na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology - Geophysics.

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - grawimetria [1]'

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - grawimetria [2]'

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - grawimetria [3]'

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - magnetotelluryka'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia obiekty geofizyczne z zakresu magnetotelluryki na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology - Geophysics.

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - magnetyka [1]'

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - magnetyka [2]'

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - magnetyka [3]'

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Hydrogeologia'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia obiekty hydrogeologiczne na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Hydrogeology.

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Mapa Geologiczna Bałtyku w skali 1:200 000 – osady powierzchniowe'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia mapę geologiczną Bałtyku w skali 1:200 000 - osady powierzchniowe. Podstawą wyróżnienia typów osadów była klasyfikacja F.P. Sheparda. Zbiór danych zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Geologic Map.

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Mapa Geologiczna Bałtyku w skali 1:200 000 – osady w podłożu'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia mapę geologiczną Bałtyku w skali 1:200 000 - osady w podłożu. Podstawą wyróżnienia typów osadów była klasyfikacja F.P. Sheparda. Zbiór danych zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Geologic Map.

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Mapa Geologiczna Polski'
Zharmonizowane zbiory danych map geologicznych Polski w skali co najmniej 1:500 000. Zbiór danych zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Geologic Map.

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Obszary dna morskiego - rodzaj osadów'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia rodzaje osadów powierzchniowych dna morskiego w obrębie polskich obszarów morskich. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Sea Regions – Sea Bed Area.

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Odwierty'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia odwierty na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Boreholes.

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Odwierty na potrzeby szczelinowania hydraulicznego'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia odwierty na potrzeby szczelinowania hydraulicznego na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Boreholes.

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Zasoby energetyczne'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia zasoby energetyczne na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Energy Resources.

Usługa WFS dla zbioru 'Zasoby mineralne'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia zasoby mineralne na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Mineral Resources.

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka-sejsmika'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia obiekty geofizyczne na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology - Geophysics.

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - grawimetria [1]'

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - grawimetria [2]'

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - grawimetria [3]'

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - magnetotelluryka'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia obiekty geofizyczne z zakresu magnetotelluryki na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology - Geophysics.

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - magnetyka [1]'

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - magnetyka [2]'

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Geofizyka - magnetyka [3]'

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Hydrogeologia'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia obiekty hydrogeologiczne na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Hydrogeology.

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Mapa Geologiczna Bałtyku w skali 1:200 000 – osady powierzchniowe'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia mapę geologiczną Bałtyku w skali 1:200 000 - osady powierzchniowe. Podstawą wyróżnienia typów osadów była klasyfikacja F.P. Sheparda. Zbiór danych zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Geologic Map.

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Mapa Geologiczna Bałtyku w skali 1:200 000 – osady w podłożu'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia mapę geologiczną Bałtyku w skali 1:200 000 - osady w podłożu. Podstawą wyróżnienia typów osadów była klasyfikacja F.P. Sheparda. Zbiór danych zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Geologic Map.

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Mapa Geologiczna Polski'
Zharmonizowane zbiory danych map geologicznych Polski w skali co najmniej 1:500 000. Zbiór danych zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Geologic Map.

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Obszary dna morskiego - rodzaj osadów'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia rodzaje osadów powierzchniowych dna morskiego w obrębie polskich obszarów morskich. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Sea Regions – Sea Bed Area.

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Odwierty'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia odwierty na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Boreholes.

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Odwierty na potrzeby szczelinowania hydraulicznego'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia odwierty na potrzeby szczelinowania hydraulicznego na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Geology – Boreholes.

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Zagrożenia geologiczne'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia strefy zagrożeń geologicznych na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Natural Risk Zones.

Usługa WMS dla zbioru 'Zasoby energetyczne'
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia zasoby energetyczne na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Energy Resources.

Usługa wyszukiwania (CSW) metadanych dla zasobów danych INSPIRE Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego – Państwowego Instytutu Badawczego (PIG-PIB)
Usługa wyszukiwania metadanych INSPIRE PIG-PIB zapewnia dostęp interfejsu OGC CSW dla zasobów danych przestrzennych INSPIRE PIG-PIB. Usługa publikuje metadane zbiorów i serii zbiorów danych przestrzennych jak również również metadane usług geoinformacyjnych. Usługa jak również portal stanowiący aplikację kliencką pozwala na odnajdowanie i przeglądanie metadanych INSPIRE PIG-PIB.

Uturuncu Volcano GPS data from the 2018 and 2022 campaigns (NERC Grant NE/S008845/1)
RINEX files of GPS observations obtained in the Uturuncu volcano and surroundings (Altiplano-Puna Deformation Anomaly) during the November 2018 and November 2022 campaigns. In the 2018 and 2022 campaigns, 8 and 10 GPS stations have been installed respectively to help constrain the temporal deformation at Uturuncu volcano. The data contains the GNSS observations made in the 2018 campaign at the stations of Depeche Mode (DEMO), Foo Fighters (FOOF), Jimmy (JIMY), Led Zeppelin (LDZP), Metallica (MTLC), Sex Pistols (SEXP), UBQ4 and UTU Base (UBAS) In the 2022 campaign at the stations of Depeche Mode (DEMO), Foo Fighters (FOOF), IGGY, Jimmy (JIMY), Led Zeppelin (LDZP), Metallica (MTLC), Nirvana (NRVN), Offspring (OFSP), Sex Pistols (SEXP) and UTU Base (UBAS) The following devices were used to obtain these data: -Receiver Leica GR30 (serial numbers 1705008, 1705617 and 1705619) -Antenna Leica AS10 (serial numbers 16071044 and 16151018) -Integrate antenna + receiver Topcon Hiper Pro (serial numbers 326-1106 and 342-0370) -Masts "Nysiros style" and UNAVCO single pin + masts. The duration of data collection ranges from 1 day to 6 days depending on the site of the collection.

Vaasa PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Vaasa, Finland. It has been provided by Altamira Information as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Vadose zone nitrate contained within cave drip waters and speleothems
This data set contains a record of nitrate concentrations and isotopic composition present within the drip waters and speleothem carbonate deposits of Cueva-cubío del Llanío, northern Spain. Data were collected between 2018 to 2020, and specifically address the nitrate composition of the cave drip waters, pool waters, rocks, soil, vegetation and contemporary speleothem carbonate. Calculations are also undertaken to assess the partitioning of nitrate between cave drip water and speleothem carbonate deposits. Data pertaining to speleothem nitrate content also extend to other cave locations (Pooles cavern, UK; Brown's Folly Mine, UK, Ease Gill Caverns, UK; Rukiesa cave, Ethiopia; Cueva Perlas, N. Spain). Sample analysis was performed at Lancaster University and the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology under NERC facility access grant LSMSF\CEH\L\125\11\2018. The data presented represent the full underlying dataset to Wynn et al., 2021, Chemical Geology: DOI.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120172.

Vanadium and Zinc isotopic composition of selected basalt samples from Iceland (NERC Grant NE/N009886/1)
Vanadium and Zinc isotopic compositions of powdered basalt samples from the active volcanic zones of Iceland. These samples have been extensively characterised for other geochemical quantities in a series of papers (Marshall et al, 2022, Barry et al., 2014; Caracciolo, 2021; Caracciolo et al., 2020; Füri et al., 2010; Halldórsson et al., 2016a, 2016b; Macpherson et al., 2005; Rasmussen et al., 2020).

Vanadium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Vanadium (V), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Vanuatu Sample collection and location (NERC grant NE/N001966/1)
The table contains the list of samples, including location, collected during 2016 field campaign in Vanuatu. Samples include lavas, xenolith (mantle and crustal), scoria, pumice and coral from Esperitu Santo, Efati, Tanna, Ambae, Maewo, Gaua and Vanua Lava. The physical collection is in School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol.

Verical Electric Soundings in Europe
Parent metadata record of national datasets containing spatial features of type Vertical Electric Sounding. Metadata is used to look up datasets and services contributing to the the Annex II Geology theme INSPIRE layer officially titled as GE.VericalElectricSounding.

Vertical Electric Soundings at NW Hungary
This dataset contains VES measurement locations in the Kisalföld area at NW Hungary. It was reconstructed for demonstration purposes in the EGDI-Bridge project from the former GEOMIND project metadata. Related online resources provide INSPIRE complient WMS and WFS services

Vertical Electric Soundings at SW Slovakia
This dataset contains VES measurement locations at SW Slovakia. It was reconstructed for demonstration purposes in the EGDI-Bridge project from the former GEOMIND project metadata. Related online resources provide INSPIRE complient WMS and WFS services

Vertical electrical sounding (VES)
WMS service shows the localization of Vertical electrical sounding (VES) measuring points of selected campaigns, registered in the Czech Republic since 1957.

Vertical electrical sounding (VES)
ArcGIS Server Service displays the localization of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) measuring stations in the Czech Republic since 1957.

Vilnius PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Vilnius, Lithuania. It has been provided by CGG NPA Satellite Mapping as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Virtual Site Survey of Pernambuco Plateau, Brazil in support of IODP 864: Origin, Evolution and Palaeoenvironment of the Equatorial Atlantic Gateway (NERC grant NE/M021238/1)
The dataset consists of: (1) Listing of full site survey package of geophysical data held in the IODP Data Bank in support of proposal 864. Details of how to obtain existing freely available or commercial proprietary data are included. (2) Final version of Full Science Proposal 864, which contains: description and illustrations of the regional stratigraphy of Pernambuco Plateau, as interpreted by the Virtual Site Survey project; site summary sheets for all proposed drill sites based on the Virtual Site Survey. (3) A complete list of all deliverables associated with this project is provided in the Data Archiving Report.

Visualisation Service (WMS) of the Ground Movement Database (BDMOVES)
Ground Movement Database Visualisation Service (BDMOVES)

Visualisation Service (WMS) of the Mineral Resources Database (Metallogeny)
The service consists of two layers of dots symbolising the position of mineral occurrences for the entire national territory. Depending on the scale of visualisation, two layers of information have been created. Indications I: Only the location of the points is represented. Visible from scales smaller than 1:200.000. Indications II: The points are represented with a symbolisation according to different attributes. Visible from scales larger than 1:200,000. The reference systems offered by this service are:CRS:84, EPSG:4326, EPSG:4258, EPSG:4230, EPSG:23028, EPSG:23029, EPSG:23030, EPSG:23031, EPSG:25828, EPSG:25829, EPSG:25830, EPSG:25831

Visualisation service (WMS) of the Quaternary Fault Database of the Iberian Peninsula (QAFI).
Visualisation service of QAFI, a database of faults with geological evidence of proven activity during the Quaternary period (the last 2.6 million years according to the limit officially established by the SQS in 2009) of the Iberian Peninsula. It is a project in constant revision and updating as a result of the progress of studies and knowledge about the structures capable of generating earthquakes in Iberia, and can never be considered complete or definitive, both because of the scientific nature of the data contained in it, and because of the modus operandi used in its construction: the altruistic collaboration of numerous researchers in Earth Sciences.

Visualization Service (WMS) Database of Mineral Resources (Industrial Minerals and Rocks)
Points that symbolize the position of the indications or exploitations of Rocks and Industrial Minerals for all the national territory. Depending on the scale of visualization, two layers of points have been created. Exploitations I: represents only the location of the points. Visible from scales smaller than 1:200.000.Exploitations II: represents the location of the points with a symbolization according to different attributes. Visible from scales greater than 1:200,000. The reference systems offered by this service are: CRS:84, EPSG:4326, EPSG:4258, EPSG:4230, EPSG:23028, EPSG:23029, EPSG:23030, EPSG:23031, EPSG:25828, EPSG:25829, EPSG:25830, EPSG:25831.

Visualization Service (WMS) del National Sludge Inventory 2002
Updating of the National Inventory of Sludge Deposits in the treatment process of extractive industries that was carried out in 2002. The reference systems offered by this service are: CRS: 84, EPSG: 4326, EPSG: 4258, EPSG: 4230, EPSG: 23028, EPSG: 23029, EPSG: 23030, EPSG: 23031, EPSG: 25828, EPSG: 25829, EPSG: 25830, EPSG: 25831..

Visualization service (WMS) EGS landslides density map.
Visualisation service of the EGS Landslide Density Database Map. The first layer is a Landslide density map (LANDEN). The second layer is an average landslide density for each administrative area. A detailed explanation of these layers can be found in: Herrera, G., Mateos, R. M., García-Davalillo, J. C., Grandjean, G., Poyiadji, E., Maftei, R., ... and Trigila, A. (2017). Landslide databases in the Geological Surveys of Europe. Landslides, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0902-z.

Visualization Service (WMS) of Mining Tailing 1989
Visualisation service of the National Inventory of Mixed Type Trenches and Structures, with information on physical and geographical characteristics, type of mining, geological characteristics, impact on the environment, possibility of exploitation, etc. Information compiled up to 1989. The reference systems offered by this service are: CRS:84, EPSG:4326, EPSG:4258, EPSG:4230, EPSG:23028, EPSG:23029, EPSG:23030, EPSG:23031, EPSG:25828, EPSG:25829, EPSG:25830, EPSG:25831.

Visualization Service (WMS) of Spanish Inventory of Places of Geological Interest
Service of visualization of the database of the Spanish Inventory of Places of Geological Interest (IELIG) which, in accordance with Law 42/2007, is prepared and updated by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and the Environment, with the collaboration of the Autonomous Communities and scientific institutions. Royal Decree 1274/2011 entrusts the IGME with the completion of this inventory, without prejudice to the actions that the Autonomous Communities, in the use of their powers, carry out to complete it in their respective territories. For this reason, in the "origin" field of each LIG file it is indicated whether the site has been inventoried in IGME inventory or cartographic projects, in the international project Global Geosites or in autonomic inventory projects.

Visualization Service (WMS) of the Seismogenic Database of Spain
Database visualization service of seismogenic zones of the Iberian Peninsula and territories of influence for the calculation of seismic hazard in Spain (ZESIS)

Visualization service of Historical inventory of the IRYDA drillings
Service of visualization of the historical inventory of the drillings carried out for the research of the different aquifers of Spain, result of the collaboration between the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain (IGME), with the National Institute of Reform and Agrarian Development (IRYDA), formerly National Institute of Colonization (INC)

Vitrinite reflectance at the Base Cretaceous Unconformity subcrop.
Calculated vitrinite reflectance (EASY%Ro) at the Base Cretaceous Unconformity subcrop. The subcrop covers the Top Upper Jurassic, Top Lower Jurassic and Triassic

Vitrinite reflectance at the Top Lower Jurassic
Calculated vitrinite reflectance (EASY%Ro) at the Top Lower Jurassic

VoGERA pilot sites
Location of the pilot sites of VoGERA

Volcan de Fuego and Mt. Etna Infrasound data (NERC grant NE/P00105X/1)
Infrasound Data collected at Volcan de Fuego (Guatemala) during three campaigns (May and November 2018, and June 2019). Associated article https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111302

Volcanic flank collapse: diversity of behaviour, hazard generation and controls on volcano evolution (NERC Grant NE/I02044X/2)
The data is provided as a single spreadsheet containing geochemical information from three volcanoes (Antuco, Chile; Jocotitlan, Mexico; Montserrat), all of which have been affected by major debris avalanches. The data was collected in order to investigate the long-term evolution of these volcanic systems. In addition, a single worksheet is provided of a summary database of published examples of volcanic debris avalanches. The geochemical data include bulk-rock XRF and ICP-MS data, Sr and Pb isotope measurements, and glass analyses for the Montserrat samples, along with site information for Antuco and Jocotitlan. Additional published analyses for Montserrat is availabile in published papers, as detailed in the spreadsheet.

Volcanic Whole Rock Dataset from Tajogaite eruption sequence, La Palma 2021 (NERC Grant NE/W007673/1)
Major and trace element data of lava and tephra samples from the 2021 Tajogaite eruption. Major and select trace element collected by XRF, trace elements collected by ICPMS, both at the University of Granada. Data collected as part of NERC Urgency Grant led by K Chamberlain (Liverpool), in collaboration with M Pankhurst (INVOLCAN), J Scarrow (Granada), D Morgan (Leeds), J Hickey (Exeter), D Neave (Manchester), for understanding how eruptions begin, evolve and end. Samples analysed span the entire September - December 2021 eruptive sequence of Tajogaite, and data were collected between December 2021 and August 2022.

VOLCano ANalogues Search (VOLCANS) datasets used to parameterise the Aluto event tree model (NERC Grant NE/L013460/1)
Electronic Supplementary Material: "Event trees and epistemic uncertainty in long-term volcanic hazard assessment of rift volcanoes: the example of Aluto (Central Ethiopia)", by Tierz, P., Clarke, B., Calder, E. S., Dessalegn, F., Lewi, E., Yirgu, G., Fontijn, K., Crummy, J. M., and Loughlin, S. C., submitted to Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. The datasets contain volcanological data on analogue (i.e. similar) volcanoes of Aluto volcano (Ethiopia), including conditional probabilities of eruption size, number of eruptions with specific volcanic phenomena reported and values of volcano analogy calculated using the VOLCano ANalogues Search tool (VOLCANS, Tierz et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-019-1336-3). These type of data can be used to parameterise event tree models (e.g. Newhall and Hoblitt, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450100173; Marzocchi et al., 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-010-0357-8) and, thus, quantify volcanic hazard at a particular volcano of interest, including the relevant sources of uncertainty. The production of the datasets was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council project: Rift Volcanism: Past, Present and Future (RiftVolc). Grant NE/L013460/1.

Volcanological data for the Echo Canyon Eruption, Ascension Island, South Atlantic: size, abundance, density, vesicle texture and composition of pumice and lava clasts, collected between 2018 and 2020 (NERC Grant NE/L002582/1)
Compositional and volcanological data from a small-volume explosive-effusive volcanic eruption on Ascension Island, South Atlantic. Multiple samples of pumice and lava spanning the whole eruption sequence were collected from several locations in the area surrounding NE-Bay on Ascension Island. This dataset includes compositional, clast size, abundance, clast density and vesicle texture data for the products of the Echo Canyon eruption. Data was collected between the 12th June 2018 and the 30th August 2020 on Ascension Island and at the University of East Anglia, UK. Compositional data was collected using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), density of pumice clasts using the Archimedes suspension method and textural data by visual inspection of sample vesicle shape and size, all at the University of East Anglia, UK. Clast size and abundance was semi-quantitatively estimated in the field on Ascension Island and later checked against photographs. This data provides a framework through which changes to eruption style were reconstructed and is useful to any persons wishing to study or compare small-volume eruption deposits which record eruptive transitions. The data supports and forms the basis of Davies et al., (2021) (DOI : 10.1007/s00445-021-01480-1) and forms part of B V Davies’ Natural Environment Research Council funded PhD project investigating eruption controls on Ascension Island. Bridie V Davies collected and interpreted the data with assistance from Jane H Scarrow and Richard J Brown on Ascension Island, and Jenni Barclay at the University of East Anglia, Bertrand Leze performed XRF on prepared samples. All data collected is included in this resource.

VOLCORE, a global database of visible tephra layers sampled by ocean drilling (NERC Grant NE/P020895/1)
The VOLCORE (Volcanic Core Records) database is a collection of 34,696 visible tephra (volcanic ash and lithological or grain size variations) occurrences reported in the initial reports volumes of all of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP; 1966–1983), the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP; 1983–2003), the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP; 2003–2013) and the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP; 2013-present) up to and including IODP Expedition 381. The combined international ocean drilling programmes (OD) have locations with global coverage. Cored tephra layers and tephra-bearing sediments span timescales from recent to ~150 million years in age. This database is a collection of information about reported visible tephra layers entirely or predominantly composed of volcanic ash. Data include the depth below sea floor, tephra thickness, location, and any reported comments. An approximate age was estimated for most (29,493) of the tephra layers using published age-depth models. The database can be used as a starting point for studies of tephrochronology, volcanology, geochemistry, studies of sediment transport and palaeoclimatology.

Waste disposal site records
Records of some 3500 waste sites in England and Wales identified by BGS as part of a survey carried out on behalf of the Department of the Environment in 1973. Information is included on the extent of the site, geology, wastes and risks to aquifers It should be noted that the assessments were carried out when the data was collected and may not reflect current interpretation. There are not records for all of the sites listed.

Water balance changes in Europe (WP3)
Water balances from hydrological models, scenarios 1 and 3 degrees. Data are from the Netherlands and Denmark

Water chemistry and stable isotope data, Virkisjokull Glacier Observatory, 2011-2018
Stable isotope and inorganic chemistry data for samples of groundwater from boreholes and springs in the sandur aquifer; glacial meltwater and river water; and glacier ice, from Virkisjokull glacier observatory. Selected water chemistry and stable isotope data are reported in Ó Dochartaigh, B. É., et al. 2019. Groundwater?- glacier?meltwater interaction in proglacial aquifers, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-120

Water isotope data from Yaal Chac (lake), nearby groundwater and local precipitation (NERC grant NE/K00610X/1)
Surface waters and shallow groundwater samples were collected by completely filling 30 mL polyethylene bottles, which were then sealed with electrical tape to minimise the risk of evaporative loss. Rainwater samples were integrated samples of total monthly rainfall collected in a specially-adapted rainfall collector following IAEA protocols (IAEA [accessed 22 June 2012). Mexico, State of Yucatan. Yaal Chac (lake) (lake centre is Lat: 20.595274 degrees; Long: -89.711301 degrees), Abala Well (Lat: 20.649044 degrees; Long: -89.679814 degrees) and Xanil ha Cave (Lat: 20.650809 degrees; Long: -89.697426 degrees) Rainwater sampler was located adjacent to the lake. Refer to accompanying map for the precise location of the sampling sites.

Water Partitioning between Liquid Iron and Silicate Melt at High Pressure and High Temperature (NERC Grant NE/M015181/1, NE/S01134X/1)
The partitioning coefficients of water between iron and silicate melts at 20, 50, 90 and 135 gigapascals (corresponding to 2800, 3500, 3900 and 4200 kelvin) were calculated by using ab initio molecular dynamics and thermodynamic integration techniques. The Gibbs free energy of a series of iron and silicate melts with different concentrations of H2/H2O were calculated. Then the chemical potentials of H2/H2O were derived from the concentration dependent Gibbs free energies at each pressure temperature. The partitioning coefficients can be calculated by equating the chemical potential of H2/H2O in iron and silicate melts. The Weeks-Chandler-Andersen (WCA) system with established thermodynamics was used as the reference.

Water retention data from monitored slopes near Kajang in the Langat River Basin, Malaysia (NERC Grant NE/S003347/1)
In August 2020, two natural slopes just outside Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were instrumented with sensors to measure soil suction and volumetric water content (VWC), and rainfall. At present, data has been collected at the two sites for approximately one year, although measurements are expected to continue for the foreseeable future. The measurements taken are aimed at providing guidance on the stability of soil slopes in response to changing climatic conditions. Data is currently being analysed by researchers at Durham University and the National University of Malaysia (UKM).

Water well archive
100,000 paper records of water wells, including details of lithologies, well construction, water levels and yields and water chemistry. Details lodged by drillers under statute. Includes approximately 90% of water boreholes in England & Wales, less in Scotland. There is a high density of information over major aquifers and urban areas with new data added as it is received from drillers and other outside organisations. The level of detail within individual records varies, reflecting historical changes in reporting practices.

Waterlines delimiting the edge of the Hunga Tonga - Hunga Ha'apai island between April 2017 and April 2022 (NERC Grant NE/X002454/1)
Waterlines have been extracted to delimit the edge of the Hunga Tonga - Hunga Ha'apai island between April 2017 and April 2022. Waterline is defined as the instantaneous land - water boundary at the time of the imaging process. Waterlines have been generated by BGS - Earth Observation team through a thresholding-based classification based on Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery and developed on Google Earth Engine. Specifically, the thresholding has been applied to the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) has been derived as a basis to discriminate between the land and sea based on their spectral characteristics. Changes in waterlines over volcanic islands can provide key information to understand volcanic processes. For more info on the methodology, see Novellino et al. (2020) https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020536

Web Service of Map of rockfall source areas, El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain)
The map shows a probabilistic identification of rockfall source areas for El Hierro Island, prepared with the combination of multiple statistical models

Web Service of Map of rockfall trajectories simulation in the island of El Hierro (Canary Islands)
The map show the number of trajectories that pass through each pixel.

Weekly volume of water pumped for handpumps monitored with Smart Handpump technology, Kwale County, Kenya (NERC grants NE/L001950/1, NE/M008894/1)
This dataset contains a summary of the weekly volumetric output of pumps monitored using Smart Handpump sensors for 2014 and 2015. Grants that permitted the data collection include: Groundwater Risk Management for Growth and Development project (NE/M008894/1) funded by NERC/ESRC/DFID’s UPGro programme; New mobile citizens and waterpoint sustainability in rural Africa (ES/J018120/1) ESRC-DFID; Groundwater Risks and Institutional Responses for Poverty Reduction in Rural Africa (NE/L001950/1) funded by NERC/ESRC/DFID’s UPGro programme Notes: 1. The accuracy of these volume figures should be considered to be +/- 20%. 2. The dataset has gaps due to variable signal, and some attrition due to damage and vandalism. 3. Not all pumps in the study area were under monitoring. References: [1] P. Thomson, R. Hope, and T. Foster, “GSM-enabled remote monitoring of rural handpumps: a proof-of-concept study,” Journal of Hydroinformatics, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 829–839, 05 2012. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2012.183 [2] Behar, J., Guazzi, A., Jorge, J., Laranjeira, S., Maraci, M.A., Papastylianou, T., Thomson, P., Clifford, G.D. and Hope, R.A., 2013. Software architecture to monitor handpump performance in rural Kenya. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries, Ochos Rios, Jamaica. pp. 978 (Vol. 991).

Weinan city earthquake scenario narratives (English language) (NERC grant NE/N012364/1)
The two earthquake scenario narratives are communications tools created to engage the local population and policy makers in Weinan city. They will be uploaded on the Overseas Development Institute website and be publicly accessible.

Well logging – Borehole geophysics
This database contains geophysical and inclinometry measurements since 1999.

Wellmaster Hydrogeological Database.
The WellMaster database holds hydrogeological information on water wells for wells and boreholes identified within the Single Onshore Borehole Index (SOBI) within England Wales and Scotland. The database contains index details supplementary to SOBI, including information on the availability of more detailed hydrogeological information. Four main categories of data are held within the database; lithostratigraphic details, well/borehole construction including casing and screens, water information including depths and pumping rates and water quality information.

Wells in the Upper Rhine Graben
Overview of the boreholes reaching the Upper most layers of the formations with deep geothermal energy potential.

Wells of the Dinantian reservoir in the North-West Europe

Welsh Fishermen’s Association (WFA-CFC) (WFACPC) 2021 Welsh Fishermen’s Association - Cymdeithas Pysgotwyr Cymru (WFA-CPC) Severn Esturary/Môr Hafren SAC Benthic and Geophysical surveys
Within the project (WFA-CPC EMFF Protecting Our Seas), benthic and geophysical surveys were undertaken in the Severn Esturary/Môr Hafren SAC to explore the location of Sabellaria alveolata reefs, and collected bathymetry, sidescan sonar, AGDS and acoustic imagery data (ARIS) to identify areas of variable ground or potential features. A ten-day survey was undertaken in July 2020 to collect broad-scale acoustic data using an interferometric swath bathymetric system (GeoSwath Plus) and Acoustic Ground Discrimination System (RoxAnn™ AGDS). Twelve secondary survey areas were selected to be investigated in greater detail using high frequency sidescan sonar and an Acoustic Resonance Inspection System (ARIS Explorer 3000) camera in a second ten-day survey conducted in August 2020 ( The data sets include: SSS (.tif) collected using Trident SeaStar MBES (.xyz) collected using GeoSwath Plus, AGDS (.csv and .asc) collected using RoxAnn™ AGDS ARIS imagery (.png and .mp4) collected using ARIS Explorer 3000 camera Shapefiles (.shp etc)

Wessex Archaeology (WSX) Geophysical Survey WESSEX1: (11/Jun/2003 to 26/Jun/2003)
Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by English Heritage to undertake a project entitled ‘Wrecks on the Seabed: Assessment, Evaluation and Recording’. The project was supported by that part of the Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF) distributed by English Heritage. The specific aim of this project was to provide industry, regulators and contractors with guidance on the archaeological assessment, evaluation and recording of wreck sites. ‘Assessment, evaluation and recording’ are taken to include various methods of archaeological investigation that are intended to improve the understanding, preservation and appreciation of the historic environment. The term ‘wreck site’ is taken to include the remains on the seabed of both watercraft and aircraft. As part of a variation of this project Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by English Heritage to undertake a geophysical survey of four designated historic wrecks (A1 submarine, Hazardous, Invincible and Mary Rose) which focussed on the development and testing of methodology for rapid in situ recording using geophysical techniques. The geophysical survey included the use of multibeam echosounder, magnetometer and sub bottom profiler. The survey was undertaken from the 12.5 m Aquastar survey vessel Emu Surveyor belonging to Emu Ltd between 11th and 26th June 2003. The geology and geophysics component of the data are archived at British Geological Survey (BGS) MEDIN Data Archive Centre (DAC) for Geology and Geophysics. Data were also provided to other archive centres as appropriate.

Wessex Archaeology (WSX) Geophysical Survey WESSEX2B: (09/Aug/2005 to 19/Aug/2005)
Wessex Archaeology (WA) was commissioned by English Heritage (EH) to undertake geophysical surveys as part of the project entitled ‘Wrecks on the Seabed: Assessing, Evaluating and Recording’, supported by Round 2 of the Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF). The specific aim of this project was to provide industry, regulators and contractors with guidance on the archaeological assessment, evaluation and recording of wreck sites. ‘Assessment, evaluation and recording’ are taken to include various methods of archaeological investigation that are intended to improve the understanding, preservation and appreciation of the historic environment. Geophysical surveys were conducted over five wreck site areas. This archive relates to the geophysical survey over the Liberator, an unknown wreck, and the submarine U86. Sidescan sonar and magnetometer data were acquired from the vessel Wessex Explorer on the 9th and 12th August 2005 and the multibeam echosounder data were acquired on the 15th and 19th August 2005. The geology and geophysics component of the data are archived at British Geological Survey (BGS) MEDIN Data Archive Centre (DAC) for Geology and Geophysics. Data were also provided to other archive centres as appropriate.

Wessex Archaeology (WSX) Geophysical Survey WESSEX3A: (02/Aug/2004 to 06/Aug/2004)
Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Historic Scotland to undertake a geophysical survey of the Designated Sites of the Blessing of Burntisland, HMS Campania: designated wreck sites located within the Firth of Forth, Scotland. The work was undertaken as part of the contract for Archaeological Services in Relation to the Protection of Wrecks Act (1973). Wessex Archaeology survey operations took place between 2nd and 6th August 2004. All surveying took place off the survey vessel owned and operated by St Andrews University. This is Crown Copyright Data collected and processed by Wessex Archaeology. The geophysical survey included the use of sidescan sonar and sub bottom profiler. The geology and geophysics component of the data are archived at British Geological Survey (BGS) MEDIN Data Archive Centre (DAC) for Geology and Geophysics. Data were also provided to other archive centres as appropriate.

Wessex Archaeology (WSX) Geophysical Survey WESSEX3B: (23/Aug/2006 to 23/Aug/2006)
Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Historic Scotland to undertake an Undesignated Site Assessment of the site known as the Tobermory Galleon in Tobermory Bay, Mull. The work was undertaken as part of the Contract for Archaeological Services in Relation to the Protection of Wrecks Act (1973). The assessment was carried out in advance of possible further commercial salvage work on the site. Wessex Archaeology conducted a geophysical survey at three sites within Tobermoray Harbour on the 23rd August 2006. The survey was conducted from the S/V Xplorer. A geophysical survey was followed by diver ground-truthing of anomalies was carried out to confirm the position, extent, stability and character of any significant archaeological deposits. The survey showed that part of the wreck and debris fields from both the sinking and subsequent salvage may still exist although the precise nature, extent and position of archaeological deposits associated with the wreck, in particular any surviving coherent ship structure, remained unclear. The survey included single beam echosounder, sub-bottom profiler and sidescan sonar. The geology and geophysics component of the data are archived at British Geological Survey (BGS) MEDIN Data Archive Centre (DAC) for Geology and Geophysics. Data were also provided to other archive centres as appropriate.

Wessex Archaeology (WSX) Geophysical Survey WESSEX4: (01/Jul/2003 to 28/Sep/2003)
Seabed Prehistory: Gauging the effects of Marine Dredging. Palaeo-Arun. Wessex Archaeology (WA) was commissioned, in April 2003, by the Mineral Industry Research Organisation (MIRO) to undertake the research project 'Seabed Prehistory - gauging the effects of marine aggregate dredging' under the financial support of the Sustainable Land Won and Marine Dredged Aggregate Minerals Programme (SAMP). The Survey Area for this study was chosen as a result of prospecting within the Owers Bank area following consultation with representatives from the marine aggregate industry. It is in the palaeo-Arun area approximately 10km south of Littlehampton, off the coast of West Sussex in the English Channel. Survey work took place between 1st and 18th July 2003 and 27th and 28th September 2003 on the Emu Surveyor and included single-beam echosounder, sub-bottom profiler, multibeam and collection of vibrocores. The geology and geophysics component of the data are archived at British Geological Survey (BGS) MEDIN Data Archive Centre (DAC) for Geology and Geophysics. Data were also provided to other archive centres as appropriate.

Wessex Archaeology (WSX) Geophysical Survey: WESSEX2A: (17/Feb/2005 to 17/Feb/2005)
Wessex Archaeology (WA) was commissioned by English Heritage (EH) to undertake geophysical surveys as part of the project entitled ‘Wrecks on the Seabed: Assessing, Evaluating and Recording’, supported by Round 2 of the Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF). The specific aim of this project was to provide industry, regulators and contractors with guidance on the archaeological assessment, evaluation and recording of wreck sites. ‘Assessment, evaluation and recording’ are taken to include various methods of archaeological investigation that are intended to improve the understanding, preservation and appreciation of the historic environment. Geophysical surveys were conducted over four wreck site areas. This archive relates to the geophysical survey over Hastings Shingle Bank covering the area of the wreck Thomas Lawrence. During the geophysics survey sidescan sonar, single beam echosounder, multibeam echosounder and magnetometer data were acquired. Sidescan sonar, magnetometer and single beam bathymetric surveys were conducted over the Hastings Shingle Bank by Titan Surveys Ltd., aboard the survey vessel Titan Explorer, under supervision from WA staff. These surveys was conducted intermittently during 15 survey days over 47 days between the 17th February – 5th April 2005 with substantial delays due to adverse weather conditions. The geology and geophysics component of the data are archived at British Geological Survey (BGS) MEDIN Data Archive Centre (DAC) for Geology and Geophysics. Data were also provided to other archive centres as appropriate.

Wessex Archaeology Marine Geology and Geophysics Survey Data (2003 to 2010)
This dataset comprises data from Wessex Archaeology surveys which were conducted over various wreck sites between 2003 and 2010. Three of these datasets were acquired in English waters, one in Welsh waters and one in Scottish waters. The geology and geophysics component of the data are archived by British Geological Survey (BGS) in the Marine Environmental data and Information Network (MEDIN) Data Archive Centre (DAC) for Geology and Geophysics. The data include multibeam echosounder, single-beam echosounder, sidescan sonar, sub-bottom profiler, magnetometer, and geological data (vibrocore logs and photos). Data were also provided to other archive centres as appropriate - UKHO (bathymetry), Royal Commission Ancient and Historic Monuments Wales (geophysics), Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (geophysics and diving/ROV), Archaeology Data Service (diving/ROV). Although generated for archaeological purposes, these high quality and resolution data are capable of re-use by marine surveyors and scientists from a range of different fields. Data are delivered via the BGS Offshore GeoIndex www.bgs.ac.uk/GeoIndex/offshore.htm and additional data are available on request enquiries@bgs.ac.uk.

Western Gneiss Region Ar/Ar data (NERC grant NE/H016279/1)
This dataset encompasses thin section photographs, mineral composition data and Ar/Ar data. Grant abstract: Many of the Earth's great mountain ranges, such as the Alps and the Himalaya, result from the collision between two continents. As mountains get pushed up by tectonic forces, they also get worn away by surface erosion. The uplift of topography causes long-term regional and global climate change, and conversely, changes in climate have also been linked to changes in the rate of tectonic processes. This project will define and quantify the competition between growth and erosion during the early stages of mountain uplift by exploiting a combination of state-of the art advances in numerical modelling and analytical techniques. During the early stages of continental collision, unusual (and diagnostic) rock types form under very high pressure conditions. Certain minerals in these rocks preserve details of the pressures and temperatures experienced during the journey from initial formation deep in the mantle, through their subsequent transport to the Earth's surface, their erosion, and their final deposition as sand grains in a sedimentary rock. The minerals retain distinctive chemical signatures which allows them to be distinguished from those formed in other rock types, even when eroded and turned into sand. Sand grains retain information about not only the original rock type, but also about details of the formation and transport history of the original rock. Unlocking this information will therefore yield insight into earlier stages of mountain belt growth history than is currently preserved in the bedrock record. However the methods needed to decipher these details are currently insufficiently precise to provide useful insight into changes in rates of tectonic or erosive processes, or constraints for the models. This project will therefore also develop and exploit innovative techniques for obtaining high-precision data from these high pressure rocks and their eroded remains. These data will enable the competing forces which act to shape a mountain belt during the early stages of formation to be quantified and allow the numerical models to be robustly tested. The unique contribution of this proposal lies in the combination of geodynamic numerical modelling with studies based on observational data and hence exploiting the synergy between these two, normally disparate, fields.

Western Kenya soil geochemistry
Soil prediction maps for 56 chemical elements, pH and organic matter content have been produced using machine learning analysis in western Kenya. The predictive maps were based on 452 soil samples collected across western Kenya during field surveys carried out between 2015 and 2020. Samples were analysed by the inorganic chemistry laboratories at the British Geological Survey. The maps, created using random forest machine learning algorithms, are displayed as raster files with a spatial resolution of 500m. The samples were collected as part of a geochemistry and health project to investigate the spatial incidences of diseases in the Rift Valley (e.g. oesophageal cancer, iodine/zinc deficiency), which included a range of data and sample collections to inform sources of micronutrients or exposure to potentially harmful elements, with outputs to inform agriculture and public health practitioners. These predictive maps provide a baseline geochemistry survey for the agri-community, academics and public health officials.

Wetlands
Areas of relict wetland. Where known the type of wetland is included e.g. salt marsh, tidal flat, peat bog, supra tidal zone, swamp, other. Chronological information is presented as calendar age BP. Confidence is defined as follows: 1. High: Sampled feature with good age and palaeoenvironmental control. 2. Sampled feature with poor or none age and palaeoenvironmental control. 3. Constructed by remote sensing data only. 4. Low: Reasonable without any direct evidence.

What drives and resists plate sinking through the transition zone? (NERC grant NE/J008028/1)
Tables of characteristic parameters for each model used in paper Agrusta et al. 2014, The effect of metastable pyroxene on the slab dynamics, DOI: 10.1002/2014GL062159 Tables of characteristic parameters for each model used in paper Agrusta et al 2017, Subducting-slab transition-zone interaction: Stagnation, penetration and mode switches, DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2017.02.005

Whole-rock geochemistry of Tindfjallajökull volcano, Iceland (NERC grant NE/L002493/1)
Whole-rock geochemistry data of samples collected from Tindfjallajökull volcano, south Iceland. For further information, see Moles, J. D. (2018). Volcanic archives of past glacial environments: Tindfjallajökull volcano, Iceland. PhD thesis, The Open University. http://oro.open.ac.uk/id/eprint/62117. Geographical extent: Bounding box latitude and longitude: SW corner 63°42'N 19°46'W and NE corner 63°50'N 19°28'W.

Whole-rock XRD (X-ray diffraction) data of hydrothermal alteration from the island of Milos, Greece
Summary of semi-quantitative whole-rock XRD analysis of hydrothermal alteration across the island of Milos, Greece. The samples were acquired during numerous field visits between 2010 and 2018 by the British Geological Survey and GW4+ Doctorial Training Partnership (NE/L002434/1). The data were acquired using a PANAlytical X’Pert Pro diffractometer at the British Geological Survey, Keyworth, UK. These data were primarily used to identify mineral phases to improve our understanding of regional and local paleo-hydrothermal activity. This may be useful within the metallic and industrial mineral mining sector and associated researchers. The data includes grid references (± 5 m), field observations and instrument running conditions. Samples from 2010 are supported by a grant award from the Natural Environment Research Council (GA/09F/139). Samples from 2016 - 2018 are supported by the GW4+ Doctoral Training Partnership (NE/L002434/1) grant award GA/09F/139 – RMS E3557, and the British Geological Survey’s University Funding Initiative (BUFI S345).

Whole rock and microanalytical pyrite geochemistry from selected samples of the Vatukoula gold mines, Fiji, collected and analysed 2017-2020 (NERC Grant NE/M010848/1)
Whole rock and pyrite geochemistry data from a suite of mineralised and barren rocks from Vatukoula gold mines and the Tavua caldera that hosts the ore body, in the northern part of the island of Viti Levu, Fiji. Vatukoula (also historically known as the Emperor gold mines) is a world class alkaline-associated epithermal gold deposit, noted for the abundance of gold and silver telluride minerals, and the exotic geochemistry of the volcanic host rocks (potassic shoshonites and absarokites). This dataset includes bulk geochemical analysis of whole rocks by X-ray fluorescence, and microanalysis of major and trace element of pyrite in the ore by a combination of electron beam and laser-ablation ICP-MS techniques. Pyrite geochemistry can be a useful tool in the study of epithermal ores, as it can carry evidence of boiling and phase separation, condensation, and fluid mixing. Samples were collected and analysed as part of a larger study looking at the relationship between epithermal gold deposits hosted in alkaline magmatic rocks, and an association with tellurium enrichment and precious metal tellurides. Samples were collected by D J Smith, M Keith, V V Ene, and geologists of Vatukoula Gold Mines. Analysis was carried out by M Keith and F Börner. Collected as part of the Tellurium and Selenium Cycling and Supply (TeaSe) project, part of NERC's Security of Supply of Minerals programme.

Whole rock data for samples from Mt. St. Helens
Whole rock analyses (presented in parts per million, ppm) of volcanic samples from Mt. St Helens, Washington, USA. Detailed sample descriptions and given in Blundy et al. (2008) and references therein. All samples were analysed using solution ICP-MS at the Open University. Blundy, J., Cashman, K.V. and Berlo, K. (2008) Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions, in: Sherrod, D.R., Scott, W.E., Stauffer, P.H. (Eds.), A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006, Reston, VA, pp. 755-790.

Whole rock geochemical data from the Alpine Fault Zone (NERC Grant NE/J022128/1)
Whole rock geochemical data from the Alpine Fault Zone. These data have been generated from systematic sampling through the Deep Fault Drilling Project - Phase 1 rock cores and from analyses of cuttings retrieved during the Deep Fault Drilling Project - Phase 2. Geochemical analyses on the fault rocks to understand the conditions at which they were deformed. The dataset is associated with the UK component of a major international campaign, the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP). to drill a series of holes into the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. The overarching aim of the DFDP to understand better the processes that lead to major earthquakes by taking cores and observing a major continental fault during its build up to a large seismic event.

Whole rock geochemistry data for coal, shale and other low temperature sedimentary settings (NERC Grant NE/M010953/1)
Whole rock and sediment geochemical data covering a range of elements, where values are given in ppm (parts per million) or as a % (percentage). The data is ordered chronologically in an excel spreadsheet and each sample is given a ‘Sample ID’, ‘Lithology’, ‘Locality’, ‘Age’ and ‘Date analysed’, followed by whole rock and sediment values for the following elements; Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ge, Hf, Hg, In, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Pd, Pt, Rb, Re, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sn, Sr, Ta, Te, Th, Ti, TI, U, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr. Cells which are highlighted orange signify that the value given was below the detection limit. The values in orange cells have been halved to maintain spreadsheet functionality (i.e. to remove ‘<’ symbols). Cells which have been highlighted blue signify that the value given was above the detection limit. ALS method:ME-MS41L ( . The majority of the samples included in this data were collected in the UK, but, where appropriate, samples out with the UK were included. The majority of the data was collected from 2014 to 2019. Whole rock and sediment samples were analysed by solution ICP-MS. Samples of ~30 g were individually milled and homogenised, and 0.5 g were digested with aqua regia in a graphite heating block. The residue was diluted with deionised water (18 M¿ cm), mixed, and analysed using a Varian 725 instrument at ALS Minerals (Loughrea; method ID: ME-MS41L). This data was collected to better understand the low temperature cycling of Telurium (Te) and Sellenium (Se) in the geological environment. For example, a range of ochre samples were included in this database. Ochres are a modern precipitate commonly found in rivers and streams which flow through geographical areas with a history of mining resources which are rich in sulphides. Iron from the sulphides are leached out and deposited downstream, coating river and stream beds, giving a red, yellow or orange colouration. Ochres can be a sink for trace metals, so analysing the abundances of these can be informative from a resource perspective but also from an environmental hazard perspective. This would be useful for researchers who require reference data for whole rock and sediment data of a particular lithology or age. This data is was collected by, but not limited to the following individuals; John Parnell, Sam Spinks, Josef Armstrong, Liam A Bullock, Magali Perez, Xueying Wang & Connor Brolly.

Whole rock geochemistry for Chilean volcanoes including chalcophile element chemistry (NERC Grant NE/M000427/1)
Complete major and trace element analyses of all samples investigated under project component chalcophile element processing beneath arc volcanic systems, within NE/M000427/1 (see Cox et al., EPSL, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.06.017 and Cox et al., Geology, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1130/G47562.1). Samples include an extensive dataset from Antuco volcano, Chile, and further analyses of young volcanic rocks from multiple Chilean stratovolcanoes and monogenetic centres. Standard data are also provided.

Whole rock geochemisty data (NERC Grant NE/J021822/1)
The dataset consists of a spreadsheet containing whole rock geochemistry (Major and trace elements, Hf isotopes) from 7 samples and zircon U-Pb, O, Hf isotope and trace elements compositions (>200 spots on zircons from 7 samples) analysed by Ion Microprobe (NERC EIMF) and MC-LA-ICP-MS (NIGL). The samples are Eoarchaean amphibolite-facies mafic gneisses and a pegmatite as well as granulite-facies mafic gneiss and migmatite (melano- and leucosome) from the Kapuskasing uplift in Ontario, Canada.

Whole rock porphyry Cu deposit assay data (NERC Grants NE/M010848/1, NE/M011615/1)
Whole rock assay data for the El Teniente, Skouries and Muratdere porphyry Cu deposits. Samples were selected for analysis from boreholes in the Muratdere Cu-Au-Mo porphyry deposit, Western Turkey; and the Skouries Cu-Au porphyry deposit, Greece; and samples from the El Teniente Cu-Mo porphyry deposit were selected from the Natural History Museum London’s ore collection. This data contains whole rock assay data performed by ALS, comprising the whole rock concentration of metals and semi-metals from the three deposits. This data was collected as part of the TeaSe consortium NERC grant in order to determine the concentration and hosting of critical and precious metals in various types of ore deposits and barren rocks from different geological environments.

Wilhelmshavn PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Wilhelmshavn, Germany. It has been provided by Hansje Brinker BV as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Wireline logging and core analysis datasets collected from Swanworth Quarry and Metherhills boreholes during the NERC funded Rapid Global Geological Events (RGGE) project.
This dataset contains the collated wireline logs, stratigraphy and core analysis of the three boreholes drill as part of the publicly funded Rapid Global Geological Events Project (RGGE) which ran between 1995-1998. The aim of the RGGE project was to identify the effects of climatic changes on modern sediments. The project focused on the Kimmeridge Clay due to its unbroken sequence of fossiliferous marine mudstones. These mudstones have compositional variations in organic content, minerology, fauna and clay content which reflect changes in both the climate and sea level. Over the course of the project the entire sequence of the Kimmeridge Clay was cored across three boreholes, two at Swanworth Quarry and one at Metherhills.

WITHDRAWN:BGS BGS-HPA OneGeology Radon Potential (OGC WMS)
The BGS-HPA UK OneGeology Radon Potential Web map service provides access to the BGS-HPA UK OneGeology Radon Potential dataset. This service provides access to the BGS-HPA UK OneGeology Radon Potential data at scales smaller than 1:250,000.

WMS Exploration Areas (MultiPoint)
WMS MultiPoint Layer of exploration areas Slovakia.

WMS Exploration Areas (Polygons)
WMS polygónová vrstva určených prieskumných území na Slovensku.

WMS Mined Areas (MultiPoint)
WMS Multipoint Layer of mined, protected and non protected areas Slovakia.

WMS Mined Areas (Polygon)
WMS Polygon Layer of mined, protected and non protected areas Slovakia.

WMS of the Geological Map of the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic and Canary Islands at 1M scale of the Geological Survey of Spain
Geological map of the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic and Canary Islands at 1M scale. It includes the chronolithostratigraphic units and the representation of the tectonic structure by means of faults and thrusts.

WMS of the Hydrogeological Map of Spain at scale 1:200.000 of the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME).
The continuous Hydrogeological Map of Spain in digital format at a scale of 1:200,000 is based on the Lithostratigraphic and Permeability Map of Spain, continuous at a scale of 1:200,000 and represents the mapped lithostratigraphic levels, grouped by range of permeability and the associated lithologies, and represented with a certain colour and tone, so that it is possible to visualise the areas associated with the different aquifers on the map. Blue colours represent porous aquifers, green colours represent fissured or karstic aquifers and brown colours represent impermeable or low permeability formations. Productivity is represented by tone, in the case of permeable formations, darker tones indicate higher productivity and in the case of impermeable formations indicate higher impermeability. Given the scale of detail of this cartography, the availability of the entire national territory, and the impossibility of appreciating the detail it possesses at small scales, the information is only visualised from the visualisation scale indicated in the Capabilities file.

WMS Protected Areas (Multipoint)
WMS MultiPoint Layer protected areas Slovakia.

WMS view service for The System of management and protection of mineral resources in Poland MIDAS and ROG
This service enables viewing of the System of management and protection of mineral resources in Poland MIDAS and ROG. ROG is an integral part of the MIDAS system. The service complies with the INSPIRE View Service specification requirements. The service uses the WMS OGC 1.3.0 interface.

WMS visualization service of the IGME geophysical database, SIGEOF
Geophysical database visualization service available in the IGME corresponding to the following methodologies: Electrical (SEV, SEDT and Electrical Profiles), Witnessing, Gravimetry, Petrophysics, Aeroportado (flight lines and meshes), Electomagnetic (MT) and Seismic (seismic lines and seismic sections ).

World Magnetic Model
The World Magnetic Model (WMM), produced jointly with the US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration's National Geophysical Data Center, is the standard model in UK Ministry of Defence and US Department of Defense navigation and attitude reference systems and is also used widely in civilian navigation systems. The model is also used on marine and aviation charts and is revised every five years.

World Mineral Statistics Dataset
The British Geological Survey has one of the largest databases in the world on the production and trade of minerals. The dataset contains annual production statistics by mass for more than 70 mineral commodities covering the majority of economically important and internationally-traded minerals, metals and mineral-based materials. For each commodity the annual production statistics are recorded for individual countries, grouped by continent. Import and export statistics are also available for years up to 2002. Maintenance of the database is funded by the Science Budget and output is used by government, private industry and others in support of policy, economic analysis and commercial strategy. As far as possible the production data are compiled from primary, official sources. Quality assurance is maintained by participation in such groups as the International Consultative Group on Non-ferrous Metal Statistics. Individual commodity and country tables are available for sale on request.

World Seismicity Database
This dataset contains parametric data (epicentre, magnitude, depth, etc) for over one million earthquakes worldwide. The dataset has been compiled gradually over a period of thirty years from original third-party catalogues, and parameters have not been revised by BGS, although erroneous entries have been flagged where found. The dataset is kept in two versions: the complete "master" version, in which all entries for any single earthquake from contributing catalogue are preserved, and the "pruned" version, in which each earthquake is represented by a single entry, selected from the contributing sources according to a hierarchy of preferences. The pruned version, which is intended to be free from duplicate entries for the same event, provides a starting point for studies of seismicity and seismic hazard anywhere in the world.

WP4 TACTIC Pilot sites
Location of 17 groundwater pilot sites included in TACTIC project where variation of groundwater recharge and vulnerability to climate change have been assessed. It also includes the report "Pilot description and assessment reports work package 4".

WP4 TRANSFLUX, transboundary groundwater model area
Location of transboundary groundwater model included in RESOURCE-WP4 project and the reports: 4.2 and 4.3

WP5 RESOURCE Karst/chalk Pilot sites
The CHAKA project aimed to define an improved characterization framework and typology of karst and chalk aqufers over Europe. A Karst Typology Tool was tested based on data of 16 pilot areas over Europe.

WP5 RESOURCE Karst/chalk Reports
GeoERA RESOURCE CHAKA Deliverable 5.1 - 5.7 5.1 Karst typology in Europe: state of the art, 5.2 Detailed conceptual hydrogeological models for pilot areas, 5.3 Karst Typology Tool, 5.4 Groundwater management recommendations for karst and chalk aquifers. 5.5 Pilot area database. 5.6 Treatment tool 5.7 XLKarst tool

WP5 TACTIC Harmonised method to assess seawater intrusion status and vulnerability.
Application of a method to assess seawater intrusion status and vulnerability in Plana de Oropesa-Torreblanca aquifer. Report and research paper.

WP5 TACTIC Pilot description and seawater intrusion assessment
Location of 9 groundwater pilot sites included in TACTIC project where the seawater intrusion status and vulnerability have been assessed. It also includes the report "Pilot description and assessment reports work package 5".

WP6 HOVER Pilot Studies
Location of 23 groundwater dating pilot studies included in HOVER project and report "Collection of use cases including good practice guidance and age indicator sampling guide"

WP6 RESOURCE Pan-EU Groundwater Resources Maps (WP6)
GeoERA RESOURCE Pan-EU groundwater Resources Maps Deliverable 6.2 - 6.6 Deliverable 6.2 of GeoERA RESOURCE WP6 describes the template that was used to gather the information on volumes and depths of the active fresh groundwater system at a 10x10 km resolution; Deliverable 6.3 of GeoERA RESOURCE WP6 describes the first maps of the volumes and depths of the fresh groundwater in Europe. Deliverable 6.4 of GeoERA RESOURCE WP6 describes the final dataset which is included in the Information Platform EGDI. The dataset itself, a NetCDF file, contains information on groundwater resources that has been gathered by the participating surveys. Deliverable 6.5 of GeoERA RESOURCE WP6 describes the water balance terms for the EU fresh groundwater grid. Deliverable D6.6 of GeoERA RESOURCE describes the justification of choices to compile Pan-EU Groundwater Resources maps from all participating surveys.

WP6 TACTIC Adaptation strategies
Journal papers on adaptation strategies to reduce impacts on droughts and development of participatory process.

WP6 TACTIC Pilot description
Location of groundwater pilot sites included in TACTIC project where the sadaptation strategies have been assessed. It also includes the report "Pilot description and assessment reports work package 6".

WP6 TACTIC Scenarios development
Definition of scenarios: climate change projections and adaptation scenarios. Generation of climate change scenarios and the identification of potential adaptation strategies.

Wyre and Ribble river chemistry in support of Equipt4risk NERC project (NERC Grant NE/R017832/1 )
This data is the analysis of the river water of the paper: Wilson et al. (20 "Compartmentalisation and groundwater–surface water interactions in a prospective shale gas basin: Assessment using variance analysis and multivariate statistics on water quality data" Hydrological Processes 34:3271–3294 ( https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.13795) The data is from two sampling campaigns sampling the rivers of the Wyre and Ribble catchments in north west England. The river water samples were collected to test whether groundwater compartmentalisation observed in the underlying aquifers impacted the surface water quality. The compartmentalisation of the aquifer is important because this has been shown to control the vulnerability of water resources to pollution from facking fluids injected at depths of 1000's m.

X-discontinuity observations beneath the African continent (NERC Grant NE/L002507/1)
X-discontinuity observations recorded from receiver function stacks of passive-source seismic data. Receiver functions are recorded between January 1990 and October 2021 at numerous seismometers on the African continent (see Pugh et al., 2023 for details). Receiver functions are downloaded, processed using SMURFPy (Cottaar et al., 2020). They are subsequently stacked in the depth and time-slowness domains in 1 degree radius overlapping bins and interpreted for the presence of the X-discontinuity. The dataset comprises 597 stacks, their location, the depth of the X-discontinuity, a classification of the stack and the amplitudes of the X-discontinuity. See Pugh et al., 2023 for further details on the method, the code used to download, process and stack receiver functions can be found at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4337258 Pugh et al., 2023 - Multigenetic Origin of the X-discontinuity Below Continents: Insights from African Receiver Functions.

X-ray CT scan of true triaxially deformed Darley Dale sandstone sample tts6 (NERC Grant NE/N003063/1)
X-ray CT scan dataset of Darley Dale sandstone sample tts6. This sample was deformed in a true triaxial apparatus, and is fully described in the PhD thesis of Stuart (1992, UCL). The sample is a cube, measuring approximately 50 mm on a side. The sample experienced two sets of true triaxial deformation (test DDSS0009 and DDSS0010), with different applied stresses in the 1, 2 and 3 directions. This deformation produced distinct families of brittle microcracks, which were detected using acoustic emissions and seismic velocity analysis. This X-ray CT scan dataset was collected in 2019 at the University of Aberdeen by Dr Stewart Chalmers and Dr Dave Healy.

X-Ray Diffraction Data showing mineralogy of samples collected from slag banks (Warton, Glengarnock, Derwent Howe, Harrington) in Scotland and northwest England (2022-2023) (NERC Grant NE/X009718/1)
This dataset contains the raw data from X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis of samples from 4 different field locations - Warton, Glengarnock, Derwent Howe, Harrington. The data was collected in 2022-2023. The data was collected for the purpose of identifying mineralogy of the collected samples. The data was collected by John MacDonald and Robin Hilderman (University of Glasgow) who retain the original data.

X-Ray micro-CT data and simulation files for paper 'Representative elementary volumes, hysteresis and heterogeneity in multiphase flow from the pore to continuum scale'
Grant: NE/N016173/1.The data presented herein comprises raw and segmented X-Ray micro-CT data, CMG simulation files and Matlab processing files for the paper 'Representative elementary volumes, hysteresis and heterogeneity in multiphase flow from the pore to continuum scale'. The data is organised as Core 1 and Core 2 respectively. Full core scans are obtained at a resolution of 6 microns. Region of interest (ROI) scans are obtained at 3.45 micron and 2 micon (core 1) and 3.5 micron (core 2). Resolution information is contained within the file names. Voxel sizes in the image files can be changed to match these values. Experimental post-processing files contain the upscaled saturations and porosity values in 3D, which are used in the paper. It also contains the pore-filling analysis. The CMG simulation files contain the input deck, 3D digitial core information (porosity, capillary pressure) needed to simulate both the drainage and imbibition core floods, with corresponding Matlab analysis files. These are Bentheimer outcrop cores obtained from Shell, Amsterdam. It is a shallow marine rock, deposited during the Lower Cretaceous. It outcrops between Enschede and Schoonenbeek in the Netherlands.

X-ray micro-tomography dataset of Ketton carbonate
The images in this dataset are a sample of Ketton carbonate from a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scan acquired with a voxel resolution of 4.52 µm. This dataset is part of a study on the effects of Voxel Resolution in a study of flow in porous media. A brief overview of this study summarised from Shah et al 2015 follows. A fundamental understanding of flow in porous media at the pore-scale is necessary to be able to upscale average displacement processes from core to reservoir scale. The study of fluid flow in porous media at the pore-scale consists of two key procedures: Imaging reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) pore space images; and modelling such as with single and two-phase flow simulations with Lattice-Boltzmann (LB) or Pore-Network (PN) Modelling. Here we analyse pore-scale results to predict petrophysical properties such as porosity, single phase permeability and multi-phase properties at different length scales. The fundamental issue is to understand the image resolution dependency of transport properties, in order to up-scale the flow physics from pore to core scale. Shah, S M, Gray, F, Crawshaw, J P, and Boek, E S. 2015. Micro-Computed Tomography pore-scale study of flow in porous media: Effect of Voxel Resolution. Advances in Water Resources July 2015 doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.07.012

X-ray micro-tomography dataset of Ketton carbonate - Unsegmented (raw data)
The images in this dataset are a sample of Ketton carbonate from a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scan acquired with a voxel resolution of 4.52 µm. This dataset is part of a study on the effects of Voxel Resolution in a study of flow in porous media. A brief overview of this study summarised from Shah et al 2015 follows. A fundamental understanding of flow in porous media at the pore-scale is necessary to be able to upscale average displacement processes from core to reservoir scale. The study of fluid flow in porous media at the pore-scale consists of two key procedures: Imaging reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) pore space images; and modelling such as with single and two-phase flow simulations with Lattice-Boltzmann (LB) or Pore-Network (PN) Modelling. Here we analyse pore-scale results to predict petrophysical properties such as porosity, single phase permeability and multi-phase properties at different length scales. The fundamental issue is to understand the image resolution dependency of transport properties, in order to up-scale the flow physics from pore to core scale.

X-ray micro-tomography datasets of Ketton carbonate obtained at 5MPa and 323K - (a) Dry micro-core (b) Hydrochloric acid reacted micro-core
The datasets contains two sets of three dimensional images of Ketton carbonate core of size 5 mm in diameter and 11 mm in length scanned at 7.97µm voxel resolution using Versa XRM-500 X-ray Microscope. The first set includes 3D dataset of dry (reference) Ketton carbonate. The second set includes 3D dataset of reacted Ketton carbonate using hydrochloric acid.

X-ray Microtomography of Intermittency in Multiphase Flow at Steady State Using a Differential Imaging Method
The images in this dataset are a sample of Bentheimer Sandstone from a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scan acquired with a voxel resolution of 6.00µm. We imaged the steady state flow of brine and decane in Bentheimer sandstone. We devised an experimental method based on differential imaging to examine how flow rate impacts the pore-scale distribution of fluids during coinjection. This allows us to elucidate flow regimes (connected, or breakup of the nonwetting phase pathways) for a range of fractional flows at two capillary numbers, Ca, namely 3.0E-7 and 7.5E-6. At the lower Ca, for a fixed fractional flow, the two phases appear to flow in connected unchanging subnetworks of the pore space, consistent with conventional theory. At the higher Ca, we observed that a significant fraction of the pore space contained sometimes oil and sometimes brine during the 1 h scan: this intermittent occupancy, which was interpreted as regions of the pore space that contained both fluid phases for some time, is necessary to explain the flow and dynamic connectivity of the oil phase; pathways of always oil-filled portions of the void space did not span the core. This phase was segmented from the differential image between the 30 wt % KI brine image and the scans taken at each fractional flow. Using the grey scale histogram distribution of the raw images, the oil proportion in the intermittent phase was calculated. The pressure drops at each fractional flow at low and high flow rates were measured by high precision differential pressure sensors. The relative permeabilities and fractional flow obtained by our experiment at the mm-scale compare well with data from the literature on cm-scale samples.

XRF-derived elemental abundance data for the Pliocene of IODP Site U1448 (NERC grant NE/N012100/1)
This data was generated at the University of Kiel, Germany by Wolfgang Kuhnt, paid for by Dr Littler as part of her 2016 NERC Moratorium Award. The data comprises XRF-derived elemental abundances from two Holes (A and B) for International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1448, spanning approximately the Pliocene period.

XRheo development data (NERC grant NE/M018687/1)
Reconstructed data - This dataset contains the reconstructed image data. Each sub-folder contains a set of 2D slices that together make up a 3D image from that time point. Not all images from all datasets have been reconstructed, the values in parentheses refer to the scan numbers that have been reconstructed. Raw data - This dataset contains the raw unprocessed image data collected during the development of the XRheo system. Processed data - This dataset contains the post-processing outputs from analysis of the data from the XRheo development experiments. Each sub-folder contains the files generated during filtering, segmentation and separation of the features [M (melt), B (bubbles), X (crystals)], and the post processing analysis for size distributions and tracking. The data sets included are the results of dynamic X-ray tomography experiments performed on multiphase synthesised magmas being deformed under known temperature and strain rates for a concentric cylinder geometry.

Zagrożenia geologiczne
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia strefy zagrożeń geologicznych na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Natural Risk Zones.

Zakhyntos PSI data from Terrafirma project
This is PSI data for Zakhyntos, Greece. It has been provided by TRE as part of the ESA funded Terrafirma project.

Zaonega Formation, core 12AB, organic carbon, nitrogen and metal geochemistry (NERC Grant NE/V010824/1)
Demonstration of hydrothermal ammonium mobilization in the Paleoproterozoic with possible implications for biological productivity. The data include organic carbon and nitrogen abundances and isotopic ratios, as well as metal abundances. Samples span from sedimentary rocks to altered igneous rocks, where lithologies are provided in the CN data file. The N-enrichment in the usually N-poor igneous rocks indicates transfer of ammonium from organic-rich sediments and can be used to estimate the ammonium concentration of the hydrothermal fluid at the time of deposition. More details are provided in Stüeken, E.E., Kirsimäe, K., Lepland, A. and Prave, A.R., 2023, Astrobiology, 23(2), pp. 195-212.

Zasoby energetyczne

Zasoby mineralne
Zharmonizowany zbiór danych przedstawia zasoby mineralne na obszarze Polski. Zbiór danych jest zgodny z modelem INSPIRE Mineral Resources.

Zeta potential measurements of rare earth element enriched apatite (NERC grant NE/M011429/1)
Zeta potential measurements of rare earth element enriched apatite from Jacupiranga, Brazil under water and collector conditions. Zeta potential measurements can be used to indicate the surface behaviour of a mineral under different reagent conditions. Mineral surface behaviour is important in processing and extracting minerals from their host ore, which can be energy intensive. Apatite is a phosphate mineral which can become enriched with rare earth elements. Rare earth elements are important in a wide range of products from iPhones to wind turbines.

Zeta potential measurements of the fluorcarbonate mineral parisite (NERC grant NE/M011429/1)
Zeta potential measurements of the fluorcarbonate mineral parisite-(Ce), under water, supernatant and collector conditions. Zeta potential measurements can be used to indicate the surface behaviour of a mineral under different reagent conditions. Mineral surface behaviour is important in processing and extracting minerals from their host ore, which can be energy intensive. Parisite-(Ce) is a fluorcarbonate mineral which contains rare earth elements. Rare earth elements are important in a wide range of products from iPhones to wind turbines.

Zimbabwe Regional Geochemical Survey.
During the period 1982-86 a team of geologists from the British Geological Survey carried out a programme of regional geological mapping and geochemical exploration in collaboration with the Zimbabwe Geological Survey under a Technical Co-operation agreement supported by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) (formerly Overseas Development Agency). Three regions of Zimbabwe were mapped (Harare, Rushinga & Nyampanda, and Makaha) and the results of the stream sediment geochemical surveys were presented as three reports. Over 17,000 stream sediments were collected and analysed for Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Ni, Mn, Li, As, Ba, Sn, Ta, and W. Raw data can be obtained from the Geological Survey of Zimbabwe, PO Box CY210,Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe.

Zinc anelasticity (NERC grants NE/H016309/1, NE/L006898/1)
Synchrotron X-radiography (images) and diffraction data collected to measure anelasticity of zinc. NERC grant NE/H016309/1 - Experimental determination of mantle rheology. NERC grant NE/L006898/1 - The strength of the lower mantle.

Zinc isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Zinc (Zn), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Zircon U-Pb data for plutonic rocks from IODP Hole 1256D, eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean
Zircon U-Pb data are presented for six plutonic rocks recovered from the Pacific oceanic crust (IODP Hole 1256D). These data constrain the age of the section, as well as the duration of crustal accretion. The data cover the bulk of the plutonic section recovered and were generated during post-cruise research for IODP Expedition 335 (2011-2013; PI Lissenberg). Data collection was done at the NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratories at the British geological Survey. NERC Isotope Geosciences Facilities award IP-1276-1111. This work resulted from participation in IODP Expedition 335, NERC grant NE/J005592/1

Zircon U-Pb Sediment provenance data for Miocene to recent sediments collected at Site U1521 during International Ocean Discovery Programme (IODP) Expedition 374 to the Ross Sea, Antarctica. (NERC Grant NE/R018219/1)
This dataset comprises zircon U-Pb data on 11 samples, each containing ~90-150 individual grains. This method was applied to sediment samples from IODP Expedition 374 Site U1521 to the Ross Sea, collected on the RV JOIDES Resolution. Shipboard biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy suggests the samples are mainly early Miocene in age (McKay et al., 2019). The uppermost samples do, however, include younger Plio-Pleistocene sediments. Samples were measured using an Agilent 7900 laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS) with a 25-35 µm pit diameter in the London Geochronology Centre at University College London.

Zirconium isocontent map (Geochemical Atlas of Spain, 2012)
Iso-content maps of Zirconium (Zr), one of the chemical elements.obtained in the Geochemical Atlas of Spain Project, distributed in stream sediments (14,864 samples), superficial soils (0-20 cm.) (13,505 samples) and deeper soils (20-40 cm.) (7,682 samples). The results of the chemical analysis are shown in two types: total dissolution of the sample with 4 acids and partial dissolution with aqua regia. With the analytical results of all the sampled points, an isocontent map is made with adjustment to a square grid of 1,000 m by the method of interpolation of the inverse of the squared distance. The final result is a map for each type of sample and type of analysis carried out.

Usługa pobierania WFS dla Centralnego Banku Danych Hydrogeologicznych (CBDH)
Usługa pobierania umożliwiająca pobieranie danych z CBDH. Usługa wykorzystuje interfejs WFS OGC w wersji 2.0.0.

Usługa pobierania danych WFS Systemu Gospodarki i Ochrony Bogactw Mineralnych Polski MIDAS
Usługa pobierania umożliwiająca pobieranie danych z Systemu Gospodarki i Ochrony Bogactw Mineralnych Polski MIDAS. Usługa wykorzystuje interfejs WFS OGC w wersji 2.0.0.

Usługa pobierania WFS dla bazy danych Głównych Zbiorników Wód Podziemnych GZWP
Usługa umożliwia pobieranie niesharmonizowanych danych bazy danych Główne Zbiorniki Wód Podziemnych (GZWP udokumentowane i nieudokumentowane oraz LZWP). Usługa wykorzystuje interfejs WFS OGC w wersji 2.0.0.

Usługa pobierania INSPIRE dla "Mapa Geologiczna Polski w skali 1:1 000 000"
Usługa pobierania umożliwiająca pobieranie danych Mapy Geologicznej Polski w skali 1:1 000 000. Usługa wykorzystuje interfejs WFS OGC w wersji 2.0.0.

Baza Danych Głównych Zbiorników Wód Podziemnych GZWP
Zbiornik wód podziemnych to zespół przepuszczalnych utworów wodonośnych o znaczeniu użytkowym, którego granice są określone parametrami hydrogeologicznymi lub warunkami hydrodynamicznymi oraz warunkami formowania się zasobów wód podziemnych. Baza Danych Głównych Zbiorników Wód Podziemnych (GZWP) zawiera klasyfikację GZWP według wykorzystania zasobów, stopnia przeobrażeń antropogenicznych, odporności na zanieczyszczenia, ekonomicznego aspektu zaleceń ochronnych oraz wskaźników opłat wodnych.

Usługa przeglądania WMS dla Bazy Danych Głównych Zbiorników Wód Podziemnych GZWP
Usługa przeglądania dla Bazy Danych Głównych Zbiorników Wód Podziemnych (GZWP). Baza zawiera klasyfikację GZWP według wykorzystania zasobów, stopnia przeobrażeń antropogenicznych, odporności na zanieczyszczenia, ekonomicznego aspektu zaleceń ochronnych oraz wskaźników opłat wodnych. Usługa spełnia wymagania specyfikacji INSPIRE dla usług przeglądania (INSPIRE View Service). Usługa wykorzystuje interfejs WMS OGC w wersji 1.3.0.

Mapa Geologiczna Polski w skali 1:1 000 000
Mapa przedstawia uproszczony obraz powierzchniowej budowy geologicznej Polski w skali 1:1 000 000. Obejmuje następujące warstwy tematyczne: Wydzielenia geologiczne, Tektonika, Zasięgi zlodowaceń oraz podstawowe warstwy topograficzne (granice administracyjne, rzeki, miejscowości). Mapę wykonano na potrzeby OneGeology-Europe.

Usługa przeglądania INSPIRE dla "Mapa Geologiczna Polski w skali 1:1 000 000"
Usługa przeglądania danych INSPIRE "Mapa Geologiczna Polski w skali 1:1 000 000". Usługa spełnia wymagania specyfikacji INSPIRE dla usług przeglądania (INSPIRE View Service). Usługa wykorzystuje interfejs WMS OGC w wersji 1.3.0.

Centralny Bank Danych Hydrogeologicznych (CBDH)
Centralny Bank Danych Hydrogeologicznych – Bank HYDRO, jest bazą danych hydrogeologicznych, w której gromadzone są informacje o ujęciach wód podziemnych oraz wchodzących w ich skład obiektach hydrogeologicznych – źródłach, otworach eksploatacyjnych, badawczych i obserwacyjnych, ujmujących zwykłe wody podziemne na terenie Polski. W bazie danych Bank HYDRO gromadzone są podstawowe informacje opisowe i liczbowe pochodzące z dokumentacji hydrogeologicznych oraz dokumentów niezbędnych do prowadzenia eksploatacji wód podziemnych. Informacje te dotyczą charakterystyki ujęć wód podziemnych i wchodzących w ich skład obiektów hydrogeologicznych zlokalizowanych na terenie całego kraju. Zakres informacji przechowywanych w bazie danych obejmuje: lokalizację obiektu hydrogeologicznego (odwiertu, źródła), pomiarowe i obliczeniowe dane hydrogeologiczne, podstawowe dane wiertnicze i litostratygraficzne oraz dane fizykochemiczne próbek wód podziemnych. Obecnie baza danych zawiera informacje o blisko 130 tysiącach obiektów hydrogeologicznych z obszaru całego kraju. Baza jest ciągle aktualizowana.Zasoby informacyjne Banku HYDRO wykorzystywane są przy wykonywaniu projektów, dokumentacji i opracowań kartograficznych, prac dyplomowych i naukowych z dziedziny hydrogeologii, geologii, gospodarki wodnej i ochrony środowiska. Zasoby oraz system Banku HYDRO znajdują również zastosowanie w opracowaniach geodezyjnych, przy projektowaniu przebiegu dróg, autostrad i linii przesyłowych oraz sporządzaniu planów zagospodarowania przestrzennego. Dzięki czemu w administracji rządowej, samorządowej oraz służbach państwowych są ważnym system wspomagania decyzji w zarządzaniu środowiskiem.Do głównych użytkowników zasobów Banku Hydro należą: Ministerstwo Środowiska, Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, państwowa administracja geologiczna, przedsiębiorstwa i firmy geologiczne, fundacje ochrony środowiska, urzędy wojewódzkie, powiatowe i gminne, jednostki uczelni wyższych o profilu geologicznym i górniczym, Wojsko Polskie, Regionalne Zarządy Gospodarki Wodnej, Inspekcja Ochrony Środowiska. Są one również podstawowym źródłem informacji przy realizacji zadań państwowej służby hydrogeologicznej.

Usługa przeglądania WMS bazy danych Systemu Osłony PrzeciwOsuwiskowej SOPO
Usługa przeglądania danych Systemu OsłonyPrzeciwOsuwiskowej zawierającego informacje o osuwiskach i terenach zagrożonych ruchami masowymi. Usługa wykorzystuje interfejs WMS OGC w wersji 1.3.0.

Usługa przeglądania WMS dla Centralnego Banku Danych Hydrogeologicznych (CBDH)
Usługa przeglądania danychCentralnergo Banku Danych Hydrogeologicznych (CBDH). Usługa spełnia wymagania specyfikacji INSPIRE dla usług przeglądania (INSPIRE View Service). Usługa wykorzystuje interfejs WMS OGC w wersji 1.3.0.